AULAFYCurso abierto de inglés C1
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Mass Surveillance & State PowerL03
vocabulary

Vocabulary Lab

High-value C1 vocabulary with pronunciation, collocations and examples.

45 minC1c1vocabularymass-surveillance-state-powervigilanciaprivacidadpoder estatalderechos civiles

Lesson objectives

  • Learn advanced lexical items related to mass surveillance & state power.
  • Reuse collocations and pronunciation cues more accurately.
  • Transfer high-value vocabulary into speaking and writing tasks.

Vocabulario C1 — Mass Surveillance & State Power

30 palabras con definición, traducción, ejemplo y audio.

encroachment //

/ɪnˈkrəʊtʃmənt/n
Definition:An intrusion on a person's rights, property, or freedom.
Traducción:intrusión / invasión
Example:Civil liberties advocates warned that the new biometric law represents a significant encroachment on personal privacy.
Collocation:encroachment on rights
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    • surreptitious //

    /ˌsʌrˈʌptɪʃəs/adj
    Definition:Kept secret, especially because it would not be approved of.
    Traducción:subrepticio / clandestino
    Example:The government was accused of surreptitious data collection through smart home devices.
    Collocation:surreptitious surveillance
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    • ubiquitous //

    /juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/adj
    Definition:Present, appearing, or found everywhere.
    Traducción:ubicuos / omnipresente
    Example:In 2026, facial recognition technology has become ubiquitous in major metropolitan areas.
    Collocation:ubiquitous presence
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    • infringement //

    /ɪnˈfrɪndʒmənt/n
    Definition:The action of breaking a law, agreement, or infringing on a right.
    Traducción:infracción / vulneración
    Example:The court ruled that the mass metadata collection was a direct infringement of constitutional rights.
    Collocation:infringement of rights
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    • pervasive //

    /pəˈveɪsɪv/adj
    Definition:Spreading widely throughout an area or a group of people.
    Traducción:omnipresente / penetrante
    Example:The pervasive influence of state-sponsored algorithms has reshaped public opinion.
    Collocation:pervasive influence
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    • autonomy //

    /ɔːˈtɒnəmi/n
    Definition:The right or condition of self-government; independence.
    Traducción:autonomía
    Example:Citizens are increasingly concerned about the loss of individual autonomy in the digital age.
    Collocation:personal autonomy
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    • transparency //

    /trænˈspærənsi/n
    Definition:The quality of being done in an open way without secrets.
    Traducción:transparencia
    Example:There is a growing demand for transparency regarding how AI models process citizen data.
    Collocation:lack of transparency
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    • accountability //

    /əˌkaʊntəˈbɪləti/n
    Definition:The fact or condition of being accountable; responsibility.
    Traducción:rendición de cuentas
    Example:Without strict accountability, state surveillance tools could easily be misused by corrupt officials.
    Collocation:ensure accountability
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    • oversight //

    /ˈəʊvəsaɪt/n
    Definition:The action of overseeing something; supervision.
    Traducción:supervisión
    Example:Legislative oversight is essential to prevent the misuse of predictive policing software.
    Collocation:regulatory oversight
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    • discretionary //

    /dɪˈskreʃənəri/adj
    Definition:Available for use at the discretion of a particular person or authority.
    Traducción:discrecional
    Example:The police have broad discretionary powers when accessing encrypted communications.
    Collocation:discretionary powers
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    • compliance //

    /kəmˈplaɪəns/n
    Definition:The action or fact of complying with a law, most certainly a regulation.
    Traducción:cumplimiento
    Example:Tech companies must ensure full compliance with the new international data privacy treaties.
    Collocation:regulatory compliance
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    • mandate //

    /ˈmændeɪt/n / v
    Definition:An official order or commission to do something.
    Traducción:mandato / ordenar
    Example:The government's mandate to monitor social media has sparked widespread protests.
    Collocation:government mandate
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    • implementation //

    /ˌɪmplɪmenˈteɪʃn/n
    Definition:The process of putting a decision or plan into effect.
    Traducción:implementación
    Example:The implementation of nationwide biometric ID systems remains highly controversial.
    Collocation:successful implementation
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    • framework //

    /ˈfreɪmwɜːk/n
    Definition:A basic structure underlying a system, concept, or text.
    Traducción:marco / estructura
    Example:We need a robust legal framework to govern the use of facial recognition in public spaces.
    Collocation:legal framework
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    • protocol //

    /ˈprəʊtəkɒl/n
    Definition:The official procedure or set of rules governing affairs of state.
    Traducción:protocolo
    Example:New security protocols were established to protect sensitive citizen databases from hackers.
    Collocation:strict protocol
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    • scrutiny //

    /ˈskruːtəni/n
    Definition:Critical observation or examination.
    Traducción:escrutinio / examen minucioso
    Example:The use of mass surveillance software is under intense scrutiny by human rights groups.
    Collocation:intense scrutiny
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    • policy //

    /ˈpɒləsi/n
    Definition:A course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government.
    Traducción:política (de gestión)
    Example:The current state policy on digital surveillance aims to prevent domestic terrorism.
    Collocation:government policy
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    • enforce //

    /ɪnˈfɔːs/v
    Definition:To compel observance of or compliance with a law, rule, or decree.
    Traducción:imponer / hacer cumplir
    Example:The state has the power to enforce strict digital monitoring laws.
    Collocation:enforce the law
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    • unprecedented //

    /ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/adj
    Definition:Never done or known before.
    Traducción:sin precedentes
    Example:The level of data access granted to authorities is unprecedented in democratic history.
    Collocation:unprecedented scale
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    • vulnerable //

    /ˈvʌlnərəbl/adj
    Definition:Susceptible to physical or emotional attack or harm.
    Traducción:vulnerable
    Example:Mass data harvesting leaves the most vulnerable members of society at risk of identity theft.
    Collocation:highly vulnerable
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    • crackdown //

    /ˈkrækdaʊn/n
    Definition:Severe measures to suppress undesirable or illegal behavior.
    Traducción:represión / mano dura
    Example:The sudden crackdown on encrypted messaging apps has alarmed privacy advocates.
    Collocation:crackdown on dissent
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    • red tape // (n (idiom))

    /red teɪp/
    Definition:Excessive bureaucracy or adherence to rules.
    Traducción:burocracia / trámites
    Example:The government bypassed all red tape to install surveillance cameras overnight.
    Collocation:cut through red tape
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    • whistleblower //

    /ˈwɪslˌbleɪə(r)/n
    Definition:A person who informs on a person or organization engaged in illegal activity.
    Traducción:denunciante / informante
    Example:The whistleblower leaked documents proving the government was spying on journalists.
    Collocation:anonymous whistleblower
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    • creepy //

    /ˈkriːpi/adj
    Definition:Causing an unpleasant feeling of fear or unease; weird.
    Traducción:inquietante / de miedo
    Example:It's honestly so creepy how much the government knows about my daily routine.
    Collocation:creepy feeling
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    • to spy on // (v (phrase))

    /tuː spaɪ ɒn/
    Definition:To observe someone secretly.
    Traducción:espiar a
    Example:People are worried that the new smart city tech is just a way to spy on us.
    Collocation:spy on citizens
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    • privacy breach // (n (phrase))

    /ˈprɪvəsi briːtʃ/
    Definition:An incident where personal information is accessed without authorization.
    Traducción:brecha de privacidad
    Example:That massive privacy breach last month has made everyone lose trust in the app.
    Collocation:serious privacy breach
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    • to keep tabs on // (v (idiom))

    /tuː kiːp tæbz ɒn/
    Definition:To monitor or watch someone closely.
    Traducción:vigilar / estar al tanto de
    Example:The authorities are trying to keep tabs on everyone through their digital footprints.
    Collocation:keep tabs on someone
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    • gone too far //

    /ɡɒn tuː fɑː(r)/phrase
    Definition:To have exceeded the limits of what is acceptable.
    Traducción:haber ido demasiado lejos
    Example:Many feel that the new facial recognition laws have simply gone too far.
    Collocation:have gone too far
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    • big brother // (n (allusion))

    /bɪɡ ˈbrʌðə(r)/
    Definition:An all-powerful, intrusive government or authority (from Orwell).
    Traducción:Gran Hermano (vigilancia estatal)
    Example:Is this the start of a Big Brother society where we have no secrets left?
    Collocation:Big Brother vibes
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    • to pull strings // (v (idiom))

    /tuː pʊl strɪŋz/
    Definition:To use influence to manipulate a situation.
    Traducción:mover los hilos
    Example:They used their political connections to pull strings and bypass the privacy laws.
    Collocation:pull the strings
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