AULAFYCurso abierto de inglés C1
/course-map

C1 course map

This is the full learning route. Each unit follows the same structure so learners can move confidently from overview to final review.

course.progress3%

187/7050 lessons available across 500 units

500units
187lessons live
7050lesson slots
MITlicense
U01
14/14 available8 hours

Personal Identity & Change

Open-access C1 unit on personal identity & change, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Cleft sentences (It is / What I) for emphasisSentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U02
14/14 available8 hours

Work, Ambition & Success

Open-access C1 unit on work, ambition & success, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Inversion after negative adverbials (rarely, seldom, no sooner)Word stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U03
14/14 available8 hours

Nature & the Environment

Open-access C1 unit on nature & the environment, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

The passive voice (advanced forms, causative have/get)Linking and catenation
Open unit
U04
14/14 available8 hours

Technology & Innovation

Open-access C1 unit on technology & innovation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Modal perfect forms (must have, could have, should have)Connected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U05
14/14 available8 hours

Art, Literature & Creativity

Open-access C1 unit on art, literature & creativity, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Relative clauses (defining, non-defining, reduced)Intonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U06
14/14 available8 hours

Science & Discovery

Open-access C1 unit on science & discovery, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Reported speech (advanced: reporting verbs with patterns)The schwa /ə/ in function words
Open unit
U07
14/14 available8 hours

Society, Law & Justice

Open-access C1 unit on society, law & justice, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Conditionals (mixed 2nd/3rd, inverted conditionals)Contractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U08
14/14 available8 hours

Travel, Culture & Identity

Open-access C1 unit on travel, culture & identity, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Participle clauses (-ing, -ed, perfect participles)Silent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U09
14/14 available8 hours

Health, Mind & Well-being

Open-access C1 unit on health, mind & well-being, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Wish / If only / would rather (hypothetical)Rhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U10
15/15 available10 hours

Economy, Money & Consumption

Open-access C1 unit on economy, money & consumption, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Nominalisation and academic registerMinimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U11
14/14 available8 hours

Education & Knowledge

Open-access C1 unit on education & knowledge, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Advanced linking: concession, contrast, purpose, resultPolysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U12
14/14 available8 hours

Media, Communication & Influence

Open-access C1 unit on media, communication & influence, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Future forms (future perfect continuous, be about to)Intonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U13
14/14 available8 hours

Business Communication & Negotiation

Open-access C1 unit on business communication & negotiation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Cleft sentences (It is / What I…) for emphasisSentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U14
4/14 available8 hours

Entrepreneurship & Start-ups

Open-access C1 unit on entrepreneurship & start-ups, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Future forms: future perfect continuous, be about to, be due to, is bound toConnected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U15
0/14 available8 hours

Corporate Culture & Leadership

Open-access C1 unit on corporate culture & leadership, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Comment and stance adverbs (frankly, surprisingly, consequently)Contractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U16
0/14 available8 hours

Finance, Investment & Risk

Open-access C1 unit on finance, investment & risk, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Performative verbs and metalinguistic reportingMinimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U17
0/14 available8 hours

Marketing, Branding & Consumer Psychology

Open-access C1 unit on marketing, branding & consumer psychology, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Hedging language (it would appear that; there is a tendency for)Word-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U18
0/14 available8 hours

Supply Chains & Global Trade

Open-access C1 unit on supply chains & global trade, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Causative constructions (have / get / make / let / help)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U19
0/14 available8 hours

Remote Work & the Future of Offices

Open-access C1 unit on remote work & the future of offices, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Verb-noun collocations at C1 (conduct research; raise awareness; take stock)Pitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U20
0/15 available10 hours

Career Development & Professional Networking

Open-access C1 unit on career development & professional networking, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Lexical bundles and multi-word units in academic and professional writingWord stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U21
0/14 available8 hours

Workplace Diversity, Equity & Inclusion

Open-access C1 unit on workplace diversity, equity & inclusion, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Wish / If only / would rather / it's time — hypothetical structuresIntonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U22
0/14 available8 hours

Consulting, Strategy & Decision-Making

Open-access C1 unit on consulting, strategy & decision-making, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Gradable vs non-gradable adjectives with extreme modifiersSilent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U23
0/14 available8 hours

Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning

Open-access C1 unit on artificial intelligence & machine learning, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

The subjunctive mood (I suggest she leave; it is vital that he be informed)Polysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U24
0/14 available8 hours

Cybersecurity, Privacy & Digital Rights

Open-access C1 unit on cybersecurity, privacy & digital rights, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Formal vs informal language: lexical and grammatical contrastsIntrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U25
0/14 available8 hours

Social Media, Algorithms & Attention

Open-access C1 unit on social media, algorithms & attention, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Sentence adverbials vs clausal adjunctsDiphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U26
0/14 available8 hours

Space Exploration & Astronomy

Open-access C1 unit on space exploration & astronomy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Double comparatives (more and more; fewer and fewer; less and less)British vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U27
0/14 available8 hours

Renewable Energy & Smart Grids

Open-access C1 unit on renewable energy & smart grids, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Indirect questions and embedded clauses (I wonder whether…)Linking and catenation
Open unit
U28
0/14 available8 hours

Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering

Open-access C1 unit on biotechnology & genetic engineering, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Reported speech with advanced reporting verbs (allege, deny, insist, urge)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U29
0/14 available8 hours

Robotics & Automation in Industry

Open-access C1 unit on robotics & automation in industry, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Abstract nouns derived from verbs and adjectives (word formation)Rhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U30
0/15 available10 hours

Digital Health & Telemedicine

Open-access C1 unit on digital health & telemedicine, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Verb patterns: infinitive vs -ing after verbs (stop to do vs stop doing)Intonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U31
0/14 available8 hours

Blockchain, Crypto & Decentralised Finance

Open-access C1 unit on blockchain, crypto & decentralised finance, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Cohesive devices: reference chains, substitution, ellipsisStress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U32
0/14 available8 hours

Smart Cities & Urban Technology

Open-access C1 unit on smart cities & urban technology, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Pseudo-cleft constructions (What matters is…; The thing is…)Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U33
0/14 available8 hours

Migration, Asylum & Borders

Open-access C1 unit on migration, asylum & borders, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Quantifiers at C1 (a great deal of; the majority of; hardly any; scarcely)Sentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U34
0/14 available8 hours

Gender, Identity & Social Norms

Open-access C1 unit on gender, identity & social norms, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Stative vs dynamic verbs in perfect and progressive formsConnected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U35
0/14 available8 hours

Social Class, Privilege & Mobility

Open-access C1 unit on social class, privilege & mobility, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Mixed conditionals (2nd/3rd) and inverted conditionals (had/were/should)Contractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U36
0/14 available8 hours

Religion, Faith & Secularism

Open-access C1 unit on religion, faith & secularism, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Compound nouns and complex noun-phrase pre-modificationMinimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U37
0/14 available8 hours

Youth Culture & Generational Conflict

Open-access C1 unit on youth culture & generational conflict, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Complex verb aspects: perfect continuous combinationsWord-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U38
0/14 available8 hours

Ageing Populations & Retirement

Open-access C1 unit on ageing populations & retirement, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Discourse markers (admittedly, in contrast, to put it differently, hence)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U39
0/14 available8 hours

Civic Engagement & Volunteerism

Open-access C1 unit on civic engagement & volunteerism, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Parallel structure and coordination in complex sentencesPitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U40
0/15 available10 hours

Populism, Nationalism & Democratic Erosion

Open-access C1 unit on populism, nationalism & democratic erosion, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Contrastive focus and information structureWord stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U41
0/14 available8 hours

Urban vs Rural Life

Open-access C1 unit on urban vs rural life, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Reduced adverbial clauses (once completed; when asked; if necessary)Intonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U42
0/14 available8 hours

Celebrity, Fame & Public Life

Open-access C1 unit on celebrity, fame & public life, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Modal perfect forms (must have, could have, should have, needn't have)Silent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U43
0/14 available8 hours

Climate Policy & International Agreements

Open-access C1 unit on climate policy & international agreements, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Nominalisation and academic registerPolysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U44
0/14 available8 hours

Biodiversity, Ecosystems & Extinction

Open-access C1 unit on biodiversity, ecosystems & extinction, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Adverbial clauses of purpose and result (so that, in order not to, lest, hence)Intrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U45
0/14 available8 hours

Ocean Health & Marine Conservation

Open-access C1 unit on ocean health & marine conservation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Complex prepositions (in spite of, with regard to, on account of)Diphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U46
0/14 available8 hours

Natural Disasters & Geological Processes

Open-access C1 unit on natural disasters & geological processes, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Ellipsis and substitution (so, do so, not, none, one)British vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U47
0/14 available8 hours

Neuroscience & Brain Research

Open-access C1 unit on neuroscience & brain research, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Tense consistency in narratives and hypotheticalsLinking and catenation
Open unit
U48
0/14 available8 hours

Quantum Physics & Future Technology

Open-access C1 unit on quantum physics & future technology, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Concessive clauses (while; whereas; admittedly; granted that)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U49
0/14 available8 hours

Agriculture, Farming & Food Security

Open-access C1 unit on agriculture, farming & food security, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

The passive voice: advanced forms and causative have / getRhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U50
0/15 available10 hours

Pollution, Waste & the Circular Economy

Open-access C1 unit on pollution, waste & the circular economy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Relative clauses: defining, non-defining, reduced and nominalIntonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U51
0/14 available8 hours

Wildlife Conservation & Rewilding

Open-access C1 unit on wildlife conservation & rewilding, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Adverbial clauses of concession (although, even though, much as, for all that)Stress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U52
0/14 available8 hours

The Ethics of Scientific Research

Open-access C1 unit on the ethics of scientific research, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Advanced linking: concession, contrast, purpose, result, additionVowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U53
0/14 available8 hours

Contemporary Art, Markets & Controversy

Open-access C1 unit on contemporary art, markets & controversy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Fronting for emphasis (What I'd really like…; Having said that…)Sentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U54
0/14 available8 hours

Architecture, Design & Public Space

Open-access C1 unit on architecture, design & public space, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Prepositional phrases as postmodifiers in noun phrasesConnected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U55
0/14 available8 hours

Music, Subcultures & Cultural Identity

Open-access C1 unit on music, subcultures & cultural identity, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Appositive noun phrases and their punctuationContractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U56
0/14 available8 hours

Theatre, Performance & Live Arts

Open-access C1 unit on theatre, performance & live arts, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Inversion after negative adverbials (rarely, seldom, no sooner, not until)Minimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U57
0/14 available8 hours

Photography, Documentary & Visual Truth

Open-access C1 unit on photography, documentary & visual truth, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Participle clauses (-ing, -ed, perfect participles as adverbials)Word-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U58
0/14 available8 hours

Poetry, Metaphor & Literary Language

Open-access C1 unit on poetry, metaphor & literary language, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Comparative structures (the more… the more; not so much X as Y)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U59
0/14 available8 hours

Publishing, Reading & the Digital Book

Open-access C1 unit on publishing, reading & the digital book, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Prepositional and phrasal verbs at C1 levelPitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U60
0/15 available10 hours

Film, Auteur Theory & Critical Analysis

Open-access C1 unit on film, auteur theory & critical analysis, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Academic distancing and objectivity structuresWord stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U61
0/14 available8 hours

Video Games, Interactive Media & Culture

Open-access C1 unit on video games, interactive media & culture, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

-ing clauses as subjects and objects (Travelling broadens…; I hate being…)Intonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U62
0/14 available8 hours

Fashion, Identity & Sustainability

Open-access C1 unit on fashion, identity & sustainability, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Advanced punctuation: semi-colons, colons, dashes in formal writingSilent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U63
0/14 available8 hours

Mental Health, Therapy & Stigma

Open-access C1 unit on mental health, therapy & stigma, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Cleft sentences (It is / What I…) for emphasisPolysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U64
0/14 available8 hours

Nutrition Science, Diets & Food Politics

Open-access C1 unit on nutrition science, diets & food politics, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Future forms: future perfect continuous, be about to, be due to, is bound toIntrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U65
0/14 available8 hours

Global Pandemics, Vaccines & Preparedness

Open-access C1 unit on global pandemics, vaccines & preparedness, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Comment and stance adverbs (frankly, surprisingly, consequently)Diphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U66
0/14 available8 hours

Drug Policy, Harm Reduction & Addiction

Open-access C1 unit on drug policy, harm reduction & addiction, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Performative verbs and metalinguistic reportingBritish vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U67
0/14 available8 hours

Sleep Science, Circadian Rhythm & Productivity

Open-access C1 unit on sleep science, circadian rhythm & productivity, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Hedging language (it would appear that; there is a tendency for)Linking and catenation
Open unit
U68
0/14 available8 hours

Palliative Care, Death & Dying Conversations

Open-access C1 unit on palliative care, death & dying conversations, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Causative constructions (have / get / make / let / help)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U69
0/14 available8 hours

Sports Medicine, Training & Performance

Open-access C1 unit on sports medicine, training & performance, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Verb-noun collocations at C1 (conduct research; raise awareness; take stock)Rhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U70
0/15 available10 hours

Mindfulness, Meditation & Cognitive Well-being

Open-access C1 unit on mindfulness, meditation & cognitive well-being, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Lexical bundles and multi-word units in academic and professional writingIntonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U71
0/14 available8 hours

Healthcare Systems & Access Inequality

Open-access C1 unit on healthcare systems & access inequality, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Wish / If only / would rather / it's time — hypothetical structuresStress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U72
0/14 available8 hours

Chronic Illness & Quality of Life

Open-access C1 unit on chronic illness & quality of life, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Gradable vs non-gradable adjectives with extreme modifiersVowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U73
0/14 available8 hours

Constitutional Law, Rights & Freedoms

Open-access C1 unit on constitutional law, rights & freedoms, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

The subjunctive mood (I suggest she leave; it is vital that he be informed)Sentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U74
0/14 available8 hours

International Humanitarian Law & Conflicts

Open-access C1 unit on international humanitarian law & conflicts, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Formal vs informal language: lexical and grammatical contrastsConnected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U75
0/14 available8 hours

Electoral Systems, Voting & Democracy

Open-access C1 unit on electoral systems, voting & democracy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Sentence adverbials vs clausal adjunctsContractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U76
0/14 available8 hours

Corruption, Transparency & Accountability

Open-access C1 unit on corruption, transparency & accountability, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Double comparatives (more and more; fewer and fewer; less and less)Minimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U77
0/14 available8 hours

Refugee Law, Statelessness & Human Rights

Open-access C1 unit on refugee law, statelessness & human rights, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Indirect questions and embedded clauses (I wonder whether…)Word-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U78
0/14 available8 hours

Environmental Law & Climate Litigation

Open-access C1 unit on environmental law & climate litigation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Reported speech with advanced reporting verbs (allege, deny, insist, urge)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U79
0/14 available8 hours

Intellectual Property, Patents & AI

Open-access C1 unit on intellectual property, patents & ai, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Abstract nouns derived from verbs and adjectives (word formation)Pitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U80
0/15 available10 hours

Mass Surveillance & State Power

Open-access C1 unit on mass surveillance & state power, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Verb patterns: infinitive vs -ing after verbs (stop to do vs stop doing)Word stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U81
0/14 available8 hours

Tax Policy, Inequality & Redistribution

Open-access C1 unit on tax policy, inequality & redistribution, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Cohesive devices: reference chains, substitution, ellipsisIntonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U82
0/14 available8 hours

Labour Law, Unions & Workers' Rights

Open-access C1 unit on labour law, unions & workers' rights, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Pseudo-cleft constructions (What matters is…; The thing is…)Silent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U83
0/14 available8 hours

Journalism, Press Freedom & Ethics

Open-access C1 unit on journalism, press freedom & ethics, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Quantifiers at C1 (a great deal of; the majority of; hardly any; scarcely)Polysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U84
0/14 available8 hours

Propaganda, Disinformation & Fact-Checking

Open-access C1 unit on propaganda, disinformation & fact-checking, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Stative vs dynamic verbs in perfect and progressive formsIntrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U85
0/14 available8 hours

Advertising, Persuasion & Behavioural Science

Open-access C1 unit on advertising, persuasion & behavioural science, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Mixed conditionals (2nd/3rd) and inverted conditionals (had/were/should)Diphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U86
0/14 available8 hours

Language, Power & Political Discourse

Open-access C1 unit on language, power & political discourse, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Compound nouns and complex noun-phrase pre-modificationBritish vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U87
0/14 available8 hours

Translation, Interpreting & Global Communication

Open-access C1 unit on translation, interpreting & global communication, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Complex verb aspects: perfect continuous combinationsLinking and catenation
Open unit
U88
0/14 available8 hours

Public Speaking, Debate & Rhetoric

Open-access C1 unit on public speaking, debate & rhetoric, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Discourse markers (admittedly, in contrast, to put it differently, hence)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U89
0/14 available8 hours

Podcasting, New Media & Audio Storytelling

Open-access C1 unit on podcasting, new media & audio storytelling, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Parallel structure and coordination in complex sentencesRhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U90
0/15 available10 hours

The Digital Divide & Media Literacy

Open-access C1 unit on the digital divide & media literacy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Contrastive focus and information structureIntonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U91
0/14 available8 hours

Critical Thinking, Logic & Fallacies

Open-access C1 unit on critical thinking, logic & fallacies, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Reduced adverbial clauses (once completed; when asked; if necessary)Stress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U92
0/14 available8 hours

Research Methods, Evidence & Peer Review

Open-access C1 unit on research methods, evidence & peer review, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Modal perfect forms (must have, could have, should have, needn't have)Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U93
0/14 available8 hours

Academic Writing, Citation & Plagiarism

Open-access C1 unit on academic writing, citation & plagiarism, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Nominalisation and academic registerSentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U94
0/14 available8 hours

Philosophy of Mind, Consciousness & AI

Open-access C1 unit on philosophy of mind, consciousness & ai, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Adverbial clauses of purpose and result (so that, in order not to, lest, hence)Connected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U95
0/14 available8 hours

History of Ideas, Revolutions & Paradigm Shifts

Open-access C1 unit on history of ideas, revolutions & paradigm shifts, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Complex prepositions (in spite of, with regard to, on account of)Contractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U96
0/14 available8 hours

Linguistics, Language Acquisition & Multilingualism

Open-access C1 unit on linguistics, language acquisition & multilingualism, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Ellipsis and substitution (so, do so, not, none, one)Minimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U97
0/14 available8 hours

Ethics, Moral Dilemmas & Applied Philosophy

Open-access C1 unit on ethics, moral dilemmas & applied philosophy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Tense consistency in narratives and hypotheticalsWord-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U98
0/14 available8 hours

Statistics, Data Literacy & Misinformation

Open-access C1 unit on statistics, data literacy & misinformation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Concessive clauses (while; whereas; admittedly; granted that)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U99
0/14 available8 hours

Cognitive Science, Memory & Learning

Open-access C1 unit on cognitive science, memory & learning, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

The passive voice: advanced forms and causative have / getPitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U100
0/15 available10 hours

University Life & Access to Higher Education

Open-access C1 unit on university life & access to higher education, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Relative clauses: defining, non-defining, reduced and nominalWord stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U101
0/14 available8 hours

Work-Life Balance & Burnout

Open-access C1 unit on work-life balance & burnout, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Adverbial clauses of concession (although, even though, much as, for all that)Intonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U102
0/14 available8 hours

Relationships, Loneliness & Social Connection

Open-access C1 unit on relationships, loneliness & social connection, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Advanced linking: concession, contrast, purpose, result, additionSilent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U103
0/14 available8 hours

Financial Literacy, Debt & Consumer Choices

Open-access C1 unit on financial literacy, debt & consumer choices, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Fronting for emphasis (What I'd really like…; Having said that…)Polysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U104
0/14 available8 hours

Travel, Cultural Shock & Cross-Cultural Communication

Open-access C1 unit on travel, cultural shock & cross-cultural communication, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Prepositional phrases as postmodifiers in noun phrasesIntrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U105
0/14 available8 hours

Volunteering, Community & Social Capital

Open-access C1 unit on volunteering, community & social capital, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Appositive noun phrases and their punctuationDiphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U106
0/14 available8 hours

Personal Branding & Self-Presentation

Open-access C1 unit on personal branding & self-presentation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Inversion after negative adverbials (rarely, seldom, no sooner, not until)British vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U107
0/14 available8 hours

Conflict Resolution & Interpersonal Mediation

Open-access C1 unit on conflict resolution & interpersonal mediation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Participle clauses (-ing, -ed, perfect participles as adverbials)Linking and catenation
Open unit
U108
0/14 available8 hours

Creativity, Innovation & Problem-Solving

Open-access C1 unit on creativity, innovation & problem-solving, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Comparative structures (the more… the more; not so much X as Y)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U109
0/14 available8 hours

Resilience, Failure & Growth Mindset

Open-access C1 unit on resilience, failure & growth mindset, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Prepositional and phrasal verbs at C1 levelRhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U110
0/15 available10 hours

Parenting, Education & Childhood in the Digital Age

Open-access C1 unit on parenting, education & childhood in the digital age, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Academic distancing and objectivity structuresIntonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U111
0/14 available8 hours

Leisure, Hobbies & Quality of Life

Open-access C1 unit on leisure, hobbies & quality of life, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

-ing clauses as subjects and objects (Travelling broadens…; I hate being…)Stress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U112
0/14 available8 hours

Food Culture, Gastronomy & Social Eating

Open-access C1 unit on food culture, gastronomy & social eating, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Advanced punctuation: semi-colons, colons, dashes in formal writingVowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U113
0/14 available8 hours

Business Communication & Negotiation

Open-access C1 unit on business communication & negotiation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Cleft sentences (It is / What I…) for emphasisSentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U114
0/14 available8 hours

Entrepreneurship & Start-ups

Open-access C1 unit on entrepreneurship & start-ups, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Future forms: future perfect continuous, be about to, be due to, is bound toConnected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U115
0/14 available8 hours

Corporate Culture & Leadership

Open-access C1 unit on corporate culture & leadership, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Comment and stance adverbs (frankly, surprisingly, consequently)Contractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U116
0/14 available8 hours

Finance, Investment & Risk

Open-access C1 unit on finance, investment & risk, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Performative verbs and metalinguistic reportingMinimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U117
0/14 available8 hours

Marketing, Branding & Consumer Psychology

Open-access C1 unit on marketing, branding & consumer psychology, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Hedging language (it would appear that; there is a tendency for)Word-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U118
0/14 available8 hours

Supply Chains & Global Trade

Open-access C1 unit on supply chains & global trade, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Causative constructions (have / get / make / let / help)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U119
0/14 available8 hours

Remote Work & the Future of Offices

Open-access C1 unit on remote work & the future of offices, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Verb-noun collocations at C1 (conduct research; raise awareness; take stock)Pitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U120
0/15 available10 hours

Career Development & Professional Networking

Open-access C1 unit on career development & professional networking, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Lexical bundles and multi-word units in academic and professional writingWord stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U121
0/14 available8 hours

Workplace Diversity, Equity & Inclusion

Open-access C1 unit on workplace diversity, equity & inclusion, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Wish / If only / would rather / it's time — hypothetical structuresIntonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U122
0/14 available8 hours

Consulting, Strategy & Decision-Making

Open-access C1 unit on consulting, strategy & decision-making, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Gradable vs non-gradable adjectives with extreme modifiersSilent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U123
0/14 available8 hours

Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning

Open-access C1 unit on artificial intelligence & machine learning, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

The subjunctive mood (I suggest she leave; it is vital that he be informed)Polysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U124
0/14 available8 hours

Cybersecurity, Privacy & Digital Rights

Open-access C1 unit on cybersecurity, privacy & digital rights, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Formal vs informal language: lexical and grammatical contrastsIntrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U125
0/14 available8 hours

Social Media, Algorithms & Attention

Open-access C1 unit on social media, algorithms & attention, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Sentence adverbials vs clausal adjunctsDiphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U126
0/14 available8 hours

Space Exploration & Astronomy

Open-access C1 unit on space exploration & astronomy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Double comparatives (more and more; fewer and fewer; less and less)British vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U127
0/14 available8 hours

Renewable Energy & Smart Grids

Open-access C1 unit on renewable energy & smart grids, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Indirect questions and embedded clauses (I wonder whether…)Linking and catenation
Open unit
U128
0/14 available8 hours

Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering

Open-access C1 unit on biotechnology & genetic engineering, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Reported speech with advanced reporting verbs (allege, deny, insist, urge)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U129
0/14 available8 hours

Robotics & Automation in Industry

Open-access C1 unit on robotics & automation in industry, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Abstract nouns derived from verbs and adjectives (word formation)Rhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U130
0/15 available10 hours

Digital Health & Telemedicine

Open-access C1 unit on digital health & telemedicine, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Verb patterns: infinitive vs -ing after verbs (stop to do vs stop doing)Intonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U131
0/14 available8 hours

Blockchain, Crypto & Decentralised Finance

Open-access C1 unit on blockchain, crypto & decentralised finance, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Cohesive devices: reference chains, substitution, ellipsisStress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U132
0/14 available8 hours

Smart Cities & Urban Technology

Open-access C1 unit on smart cities & urban technology, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Pseudo-cleft constructions (What matters is…; The thing is…)Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U133
0/14 available8 hours

Migration, Asylum & Borders

Open-access C1 unit on migration, asylum & borders, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Quantifiers at C1 (a great deal of; the majority of; hardly any; scarcely)Sentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U134
0/14 available8 hours

Gender, Identity & Social Norms

Open-access C1 unit on gender, identity & social norms, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Stative vs dynamic verbs in perfect and progressive formsConnected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U135
0/14 available8 hours

Social Class, Privilege & Mobility

Open-access C1 unit on social class, privilege & mobility, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Mixed conditionals (2nd/3rd) and inverted conditionals (had/were/should)Contractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U136
0/14 available8 hours

Religion, Faith & Secularism

Open-access C1 unit on religion, faith & secularism, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Compound nouns and complex noun-phrase pre-modificationMinimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U137
0/14 available8 hours

Youth Culture & Generational Conflict

Open-access C1 unit on youth culture & generational conflict, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Complex verb aspects: perfect continuous combinationsWord-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U138
0/14 available8 hours

Ageing Populations & Retirement

Open-access C1 unit on ageing populations & retirement, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Discourse markers (admittedly, in contrast, to put it differently, hence)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U139
0/14 available8 hours

Civic Engagement & Volunteerism

Open-access C1 unit on civic engagement & volunteerism, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Parallel structure and coordination in complex sentencesPitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U140
0/15 available10 hours

Populism, Nationalism & Democratic Erosion

Open-access C1 unit on populism, nationalism & democratic erosion, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Contrastive focus and information structureWord stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U141
0/14 available8 hours

Urban vs Rural Life

Open-access C1 unit on urban vs rural life, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Reduced adverbial clauses (once completed; when asked; if necessary)Intonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U142
0/14 available8 hours

Celebrity, Fame & Public Life

Open-access C1 unit on celebrity, fame & public life, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Modal perfect forms (must have, could have, should have, needn't have)Silent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U143
0/14 available8 hours

Climate Policy & International Agreements

Open-access C1 unit on climate policy & international agreements, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Nominalisation and academic registerPolysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U144
0/14 available8 hours

Biodiversity, Ecosystems & Extinction

Open-access C1 unit on biodiversity, ecosystems & extinction, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Adverbial clauses of purpose and result (so that, in order not to, lest, hence)Intrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U145
0/14 available8 hours

Ocean Health & Marine Conservation

Open-access C1 unit on ocean health & marine conservation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Complex prepositions (in spite of, with regard to, on account of)Diphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U146
0/14 available8 hours

Natural Disasters & Geological Processes

Open-access C1 unit on natural disasters & geological processes, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Ellipsis and substitution (so, do so, not, none, one)British vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U147
0/14 available8 hours

Neuroscience & Brain Research

Open-access C1 unit on neuroscience & brain research, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Tense consistency in narratives and hypotheticalsLinking and catenation
Open unit
U148
0/14 available8 hours

Quantum Physics & Future Technology

Open-access C1 unit on quantum physics & future technology, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Concessive clauses (while; whereas; admittedly; granted that)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U149
0/14 available8 hours

Agriculture, Farming & Food Security

Open-access C1 unit on agriculture, farming & food security, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

The passive voice: advanced forms and causative have / getRhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U150
0/15 available10 hours

Pollution, Waste & the Circular Economy

Open-access C1 unit on pollution, waste & the circular economy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Relative clauses: defining, non-defining, reduced and nominalIntonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U151
0/14 available8 hours

Wildlife Conservation & Rewilding

Open-access C1 unit on wildlife conservation & rewilding, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Adverbial clauses of concession (although, even though, much as, for all that)Stress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U152
0/14 available8 hours

The Ethics of Scientific Research

Open-access C1 unit on the ethics of scientific research, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Advanced linking: concession, contrast, purpose, result, additionVowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U153
0/14 available8 hours

Contemporary Art, Markets & Controversy

Open-access C1 unit on contemporary art, markets & controversy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Fronting for emphasis (What I'd really like…; Having said that…)Sentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U154
0/14 available8 hours

Architecture, Design & Public Space

Open-access C1 unit on architecture, design & public space, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Prepositional phrases as postmodifiers in noun phrasesConnected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U155
0/14 available8 hours

Music, Subcultures & Cultural Identity

Open-access C1 unit on music, subcultures & cultural identity, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Appositive noun phrases and their punctuationContractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U156
0/14 available8 hours

Theatre, Performance & Live Arts

Open-access C1 unit on theatre, performance & live arts, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Inversion after negative adverbials (rarely, seldom, no sooner, not until)Minimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U157
0/14 available8 hours

Photography, Documentary & Visual Truth

Open-access C1 unit on photography, documentary & visual truth, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Participle clauses (-ing, -ed, perfect participles as adverbials)Word-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U158
0/14 available8 hours

Poetry, Metaphor & Literary Language

Open-access C1 unit on poetry, metaphor & literary language, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Comparative structures (the more… the more; not so much X as Y)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U159
0/14 available8 hours

Publishing, Reading & the Digital Book

Open-access C1 unit on publishing, reading & the digital book, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Prepositional and phrasal verbs at C1 levelPitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U160
0/15 available10 hours

Film, Auteur Theory & Critical Analysis

Open-access C1 unit on film, auteur theory & critical analysis, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Academic distancing and objectivity structuresWord stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U161
0/14 available8 hours

Video Games, Interactive Media & Culture

Open-access C1 unit on video games, interactive media & culture, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

-ing clauses as subjects and objects (Travelling broadens…; I hate being…)Intonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U162
0/14 available8 hours

Fashion, Identity & Sustainability

Open-access C1 unit on fashion, identity & sustainability, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Advanced punctuation: semi-colons, colons, dashes in formal writingSilent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U163
0/14 available8 hours

Mental Health, Therapy & Stigma

Open-access C1 unit on mental health, therapy & stigma, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Cleft sentences (It is / What I…) for emphasisPolysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U164
0/14 available8 hours

Nutrition Science, Diets & Food Politics

Open-access C1 unit on nutrition science, diets & food politics, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Future forms: future perfect continuous, be about to, be due to, is bound toIntrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U165
0/14 available8 hours

Global Pandemics, Vaccines & Preparedness

Open-access C1 unit on global pandemics, vaccines & preparedness, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Comment and stance adverbs (frankly, surprisingly, consequently)Diphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U166
0/14 available8 hours

Drug Policy, Harm Reduction & Addiction

Open-access C1 unit on drug policy, harm reduction & addiction, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Performative verbs and metalinguistic reportingBritish vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U167
0/14 available8 hours

Sleep Science, Circadian Rhythm & Productivity

Open-access C1 unit on sleep science, circadian rhythm & productivity, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Hedging language (it would appear that; there is a tendency for)Linking and catenation
Open unit
U168
0/14 available8 hours

Palliative Care, Death & Dying Conversations

Open-access C1 unit on palliative care, death & dying conversations, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Causative constructions (have / get / make / let / help)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U169
0/14 available8 hours

Sports Medicine, Training & Performance

Open-access C1 unit on sports medicine, training & performance, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Verb-noun collocations at C1 (conduct research; raise awareness; take stock)Rhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U170
0/15 available10 hours

Mindfulness, Meditation & Cognitive Well-being

Open-access C1 unit on mindfulness, meditation & cognitive well-being, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Lexical bundles and multi-word units in academic and professional writingIntonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U171
0/14 available8 hours

Healthcare Systems & Access Inequality

Open-access C1 unit on healthcare systems & access inequality, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Wish / If only / would rather / it's time — hypothetical structuresStress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U172
0/14 available8 hours

Chronic Illness & Quality of Life

Open-access C1 unit on chronic illness & quality of life, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Gradable vs non-gradable adjectives with extreme modifiersVowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U173
0/14 available8 hours

Constitutional Law, Rights & Freedoms

Open-access C1 unit on constitutional law, rights & freedoms, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

The subjunctive mood (I suggest she leave; it is vital that he be informed)Sentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U174
0/14 available8 hours

International Humanitarian Law & Conflicts

Open-access C1 unit on international humanitarian law & conflicts, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Formal vs informal language: lexical and grammatical contrastsConnected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U175
0/14 available8 hours

Electoral Systems, Voting & Democracy

Open-access C1 unit on electoral systems, voting & democracy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Sentence adverbials vs clausal adjunctsContractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U176
0/14 available8 hours

Corruption, Transparency & Accountability

Open-access C1 unit on corruption, transparency & accountability, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Double comparatives (more and more; fewer and fewer; less and less)Minimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U177
0/14 available8 hours

Refugee Law, Statelessness & Human Rights

Open-access C1 unit on refugee law, statelessness & human rights, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Indirect questions and embedded clauses (I wonder whether…)Word-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U178
0/14 available8 hours

Environmental Law & Climate Litigation

Open-access C1 unit on environmental law & climate litigation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Reported speech with advanced reporting verbs (allege, deny, insist, urge)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U179
0/14 available8 hours

Intellectual Property, Patents & AI

Open-access C1 unit on intellectual property, patents & ai, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Abstract nouns derived from verbs and adjectives (word formation)Pitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U180
0/15 available10 hours

Mass Surveillance & State Power

Open-access C1 unit on mass surveillance & state power, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Verb patterns: infinitive vs -ing after verbs (stop to do vs stop doing)Word stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U181
0/14 available8 hours

Tax Policy, Inequality & Redistribution

Open-access C1 unit on tax policy, inequality & redistribution, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Cohesive devices: reference chains, substitution, ellipsisIntonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U182
0/14 available8 hours

Labour Law, Unions & Workers' Rights

Open-access C1 unit on labour law, unions & workers' rights, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Pseudo-cleft constructions (What matters is…; The thing is…)Silent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U183
0/14 available8 hours

Journalism, Press Freedom & Ethics

Open-access C1 unit on journalism, press freedom & ethics, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Quantifiers at C1 (a great deal of; the majority of; hardly any; scarcely)Polysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U184
0/14 available8 hours

Propaganda, Disinformation & Fact-Checking

Open-access C1 unit on propaganda, disinformation & fact-checking, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Stative vs dynamic verbs in perfect and progressive formsIntrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U185
0/14 available8 hours

Advertising, Persuasion & Behavioural Science

Open-access C1 unit on advertising, persuasion & behavioural science, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Mixed conditionals (2nd/3rd) and inverted conditionals (had/were/should)Diphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U186
0/14 available8 hours

Language, Power & Political Discourse

Open-access C1 unit on language, power & political discourse, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Compound nouns and complex noun-phrase pre-modificationBritish vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U187
0/14 available8 hours

Translation, Interpreting & Global Communication

Open-access C1 unit on translation, interpreting & global communication, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Complex verb aspects: perfect continuous combinationsLinking and catenation
Open unit
U188
0/14 available8 hours

Public Speaking, Debate & Rhetoric

Open-access C1 unit on public speaking, debate & rhetoric, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Discourse markers (admittedly, in contrast, to put it differently, hence)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U189
0/14 available8 hours

Podcasting, New Media & Audio Storytelling

Open-access C1 unit on podcasting, new media & audio storytelling, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Parallel structure and coordination in complex sentencesRhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U190
0/15 available10 hours

The Digital Divide & Media Literacy

Open-access C1 unit on the digital divide & media literacy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Contrastive focus and information structureIntonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U191
0/14 available8 hours

Critical Thinking, Logic & Fallacies

Open-access C1 unit on critical thinking, logic & fallacies, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Reduced adverbial clauses (once completed; when asked; if necessary)Stress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U192
0/14 available8 hours

Research Methods, Evidence & Peer Review

Open-access C1 unit on research methods, evidence & peer review, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Modal perfect forms (must have, could have, should have, needn't have)Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U193
0/14 available8 hours

Academic Writing, Citation & Plagiarism

Open-access C1 unit on academic writing, citation & plagiarism, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Nominalisation and academic registerSentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U194
0/14 available8 hours

Philosophy of Mind, Consciousness & AI

Open-access C1 unit on philosophy of mind, consciousness & ai, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Adverbial clauses of purpose and result (so that, in order not to, lest, hence)Connected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U195
0/14 available8 hours

History of Ideas, Revolutions & Paradigm Shifts

Open-access C1 unit on history of ideas, revolutions & paradigm shifts, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Complex prepositions (in spite of, with regard to, on account of)Contractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U196
0/14 available8 hours

Linguistics, Language Acquisition & Multilingualism

Open-access C1 unit on linguistics, language acquisition & multilingualism, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Ellipsis and substitution (so, do so, not, none, one)Minimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U197
0/14 available8 hours

Ethics, Moral Dilemmas & Applied Philosophy

Open-access C1 unit on ethics, moral dilemmas & applied philosophy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Tense consistency in narratives and hypotheticalsWord-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U198
0/14 available8 hours

Statistics, Data Literacy & Misinformation

Open-access C1 unit on statistics, data literacy & misinformation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Concessive clauses (while; whereas; admittedly; granted that)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U199
0/14 available8 hours

Cognitive Science, Memory & Learning

Open-access C1 unit on cognitive science, memory & learning, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

The passive voice: advanced forms and causative have / getPitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U200
0/15 available10 hours

University Life & Access to Higher Education

Open-access C1 unit on university life & access to higher education, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Relative clauses: defining, non-defining, reduced and nominalWord stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U201
0/14 available8 hours

Work-Life Balance & Burnout

Open-access C1 unit on work-life balance & burnout, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Adverbial clauses of concession (although, even though, much as, for all that)Intonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U202
0/14 available8 hours

Relationships, Loneliness & Social Connection

Open-access C1 unit on relationships, loneliness & social connection, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Advanced linking: concession, contrast, purpose, result, additionSilent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U203
0/14 available8 hours

Financial Literacy, Debt & Consumer Choices

Open-access C1 unit on financial literacy, debt & consumer choices, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Fronting for emphasis (What I'd really like…; Having said that…)Polysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U204
0/14 available8 hours

Travel, Cultural Shock & Cross-Cultural Communication

Open-access C1 unit on travel, cultural shock & cross-cultural communication, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Prepositional phrases as postmodifiers in noun phrasesIntrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U205
0/14 available8 hours

Volunteering, Community & Social Capital

Open-access C1 unit on volunteering, community & social capital, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Appositive noun phrases and their punctuationDiphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U206
0/14 available8 hours

Personal Branding & Self-Presentation

Open-access C1 unit on personal branding & self-presentation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Inversion after negative adverbials (rarely, seldom, no sooner, not until)British vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U207
0/14 available8 hours

Conflict Resolution & Interpersonal Mediation

Open-access C1 unit on conflict resolution & interpersonal mediation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Participle clauses (-ing, -ed, perfect participles as adverbials)Linking and catenation
Open unit
U208
0/14 available8 hours

Creativity, Innovation & Problem-Solving

Open-access C1 unit on creativity, innovation & problem-solving, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Comparative structures (the more… the more; not so much X as Y)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U209
0/14 available8 hours

Resilience, Failure & Growth Mindset

Open-access C1 unit on resilience, failure & growth mindset, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Prepositional and phrasal verbs at C1 levelRhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U210
0/15 available10 hours

Parenting, Education & Childhood in the Digital Age

Open-access C1 unit on parenting, education & childhood in the digital age, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Academic distancing and objectivity structuresIntonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U211
0/14 available8 hours

Leisure, Hobbies & Quality of Life

Open-access C1 unit on leisure, hobbies & quality of life, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

-ing clauses as subjects and objects (Travelling broadens…; I hate being…)Stress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U212
0/14 available8 hours

Food Culture, Gastronomy & Social Eating

Open-access C1 unit on food culture, gastronomy & social eating, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Advanced punctuation: semi-colons, colons, dashes in formal writingVowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U213
0/14 available8 hours

Business Communication & Negotiation

Open-access C1 unit on business communication & negotiation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Cleft sentences (It is / What I…) for emphasisSentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U214
0/14 available8 hours

Entrepreneurship & Start-ups

Open-access C1 unit on entrepreneurship & start-ups, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Future forms: future perfect continuous, be about to, be due to, is bound toConnected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U215
0/14 available8 hours

Corporate Culture & Leadership

Open-access C1 unit on corporate culture & leadership, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Comment and stance adverbs (frankly, surprisingly, consequently)Contractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U216
0/14 available8 hours

Finance, Investment & Risk

Open-access C1 unit on finance, investment & risk, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Performative verbs and metalinguistic reportingMinimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U217
0/14 available8 hours

Marketing, Branding & Consumer Psychology

Open-access C1 unit on marketing, branding & consumer psychology, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Hedging language (it would appear that; there is a tendency for)Word-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U218
0/14 available8 hours

Supply Chains & Global Trade

Open-access C1 unit on supply chains & global trade, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Causative constructions (have / get / make / let / help)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U219
0/14 available8 hours

Remote Work & the Future of Offices

Open-access C1 unit on remote work & the future of offices, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Verb-noun collocations at C1 (conduct research; raise awareness; take stock)Pitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U220
0/15 available10 hours

Career Development & Professional Networking

Open-access C1 unit on career development & professional networking, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Lexical bundles and multi-word units in academic and professional writingWord stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U221
0/14 available8 hours

Workplace Diversity, Equity & Inclusion

Open-access C1 unit on workplace diversity, equity & inclusion, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Wish / If only / would rather / it's time — hypothetical structuresIntonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U222
0/14 available8 hours

Consulting, Strategy & Decision-Making

Open-access C1 unit on consulting, strategy & decision-making, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Gradable vs non-gradable adjectives with extreme modifiersSilent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U223
0/14 available8 hours

Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning

Open-access C1 unit on artificial intelligence & machine learning, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

The subjunctive mood (I suggest she leave; it is vital that he be informed)Polysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U224
0/14 available8 hours

Cybersecurity, Privacy & Digital Rights

Open-access C1 unit on cybersecurity, privacy & digital rights, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Formal vs informal language: lexical and grammatical contrastsIntrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U225
0/14 available8 hours

Social Media, Algorithms & Attention

Open-access C1 unit on social media, algorithms & attention, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Sentence adverbials vs clausal adjunctsDiphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U226
0/14 available8 hours

Space Exploration & Astronomy

Open-access C1 unit on space exploration & astronomy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Double comparatives (more and more; fewer and fewer; less and less)British vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U227
0/14 available8 hours

Renewable Energy & Smart Grids

Open-access C1 unit on renewable energy & smart grids, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Indirect questions and embedded clauses (I wonder whether…)Linking and catenation
Open unit
U228
0/14 available8 hours

Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering

Open-access C1 unit on biotechnology & genetic engineering, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Reported speech with advanced reporting verbs (allege, deny, insist, urge)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U229
0/14 available8 hours

Robotics & Automation in Industry

Open-access C1 unit on robotics & automation in industry, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Abstract nouns derived from verbs and adjectives (word formation)Rhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U230
0/15 available10 hours

Digital Health & Telemedicine

Open-access C1 unit on digital health & telemedicine, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Verb patterns: infinitive vs -ing after verbs (stop to do vs stop doing)Intonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U231
0/14 available8 hours

Blockchain, Crypto & Decentralised Finance

Open-access C1 unit on blockchain, crypto & decentralised finance, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Cohesive devices: reference chains, substitution, ellipsisStress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U232
0/14 available8 hours

Smart Cities & Urban Technology

Open-access C1 unit on smart cities & urban technology, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Pseudo-cleft constructions (What matters is…; The thing is…)Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U233
0/14 available8 hours

Migration, Asylum & Borders

Open-access C1 unit on migration, asylum & borders, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Quantifiers at C1 (a great deal of; the majority of; hardly any; scarcely)Sentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U234
0/14 available8 hours

Gender, Identity & Social Norms

Open-access C1 unit on gender, identity & social norms, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Stative vs dynamic verbs in perfect and progressive formsConnected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U235
0/14 available8 hours

Social Class, Privilege & Mobility

Open-access C1 unit on social class, privilege & mobility, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Mixed conditionals (2nd/3rd) and inverted conditionals (had/were/should)Contractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U236
0/14 available8 hours

Religion, Faith & Secularism

Open-access C1 unit on religion, faith & secularism, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Compound nouns and complex noun-phrase pre-modificationMinimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U237
0/14 available8 hours

Youth Culture & Generational Conflict

Open-access C1 unit on youth culture & generational conflict, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Complex verb aspects: perfect continuous combinationsWord-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U238
0/14 available8 hours

Ageing Populations & Retirement

Open-access C1 unit on ageing populations & retirement, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Discourse markers (admittedly, in contrast, to put it differently, hence)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U239
0/14 available8 hours

Civic Engagement & Volunteerism

Open-access C1 unit on civic engagement & volunteerism, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Parallel structure and coordination in complex sentencesPitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U240
0/15 available10 hours

Populism, Nationalism & Democratic Erosion

Open-access C1 unit on populism, nationalism & democratic erosion, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Contrastive focus and information structureWord stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U241
0/14 available8 hours

Urban vs Rural Life

Open-access C1 unit on urban vs rural life, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Reduced adverbial clauses (once completed; when asked; if necessary)Intonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U242
0/14 available8 hours

Celebrity, Fame & Public Life

Open-access C1 unit on celebrity, fame & public life, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Modal perfect forms (must have, could have, should have, needn't have)Silent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U243
0/14 available8 hours

Climate Policy & International Agreements

Open-access C1 unit on climate policy & international agreements, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Nominalisation and academic registerPolysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U244
0/14 available8 hours

Biodiversity, Ecosystems & Extinction

Open-access C1 unit on biodiversity, ecosystems & extinction, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Adverbial clauses of purpose and result (so that, in order not to, lest, hence)Intrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U245
0/14 available8 hours

Ocean Health & Marine Conservation

Open-access C1 unit on ocean health & marine conservation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Complex prepositions (in spite of, with regard to, on account of)Diphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U246
0/14 available8 hours

Natural Disasters & Geological Processes

Open-access C1 unit on natural disasters & geological processes, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Ellipsis and substitution (so, do so, not, none, one)British vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U247
0/14 available8 hours

Neuroscience & Brain Research

Open-access C1 unit on neuroscience & brain research, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Tense consistency in narratives and hypotheticalsLinking and catenation
Open unit
U248
0/14 available8 hours

Quantum Physics & Future Technology

Open-access C1 unit on quantum physics & future technology, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Concessive clauses (while; whereas; admittedly; granted that)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U249
0/14 available8 hours

Agriculture, Farming & Food Security

Open-access C1 unit on agriculture, farming & food security, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

The passive voice: advanced forms and causative have / getRhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U250
0/15 available10 hours

Pollution, Waste & the Circular Economy

Open-access C1 unit on pollution, waste & the circular economy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Relative clauses: defining, non-defining, reduced and nominalIntonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U251
0/14 available8 hours

Wildlife Conservation & Rewilding

Open-access C1 unit on wildlife conservation & rewilding, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Adverbial clauses of concession (although, even though, much as, for all that)Stress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U252
0/14 available8 hours

The Ethics of Scientific Research

Open-access C1 unit on the ethics of scientific research, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Advanced linking: concession, contrast, purpose, result, additionVowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U253
0/14 available8 hours

Contemporary Art, Markets & Controversy

Open-access C1 unit on contemporary art, markets & controversy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Fronting for emphasis (What I'd really like…; Having said that…)Sentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U254
0/14 available8 hours

Architecture, Design & Public Space

Open-access C1 unit on architecture, design & public space, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Prepositional phrases as postmodifiers in noun phrasesConnected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U255
0/14 available8 hours

Music, Subcultures & Cultural Identity

Open-access C1 unit on music, subcultures & cultural identity, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Appositive noun phrases and their punctuationContractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U256
0/14 available8 hours

Theatre, Performance & Live Arts

Open-access C1 unit on theatre, performance & live arts, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Inversion after negative adverbials (rarely, seldom, no sooner, not until)Minimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U257
0/14 available8 hours

Photography, Documentary & Visual Truth

Open-access C1 unit on photography, documentary & visual truth, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Participle clauses (-ing, -ed, perfect participles as adverbials)Word-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U258
0/14 available8 hours

Poetry, Metaphor & Literary Language

Open-access C1 unit on poetry, metaphor & literary language, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Comparative structures (the more… the more; not so much X as Y)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U259
0/14 available8 hours

Publishing, Reading & the Digital Book

Open-access C1 unit on publishing, reading & the digital book, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Prepositional and phrasal verbs at C1 levelPitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U260
0/15 available10 hours

Film, Auteur Theory & Critical Analysis

Open-access C1 unit on film, auteur theory & critical analysis, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Academic distancing and objectivity structuresWord stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U261
0/14 available8 hours

Video Games, Interactive Media & Culture

Open-access C1 unit on video games, interactive media & culture, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

-ing clauses as subjects and objects (Travelling broadens…; I hate being…)Intonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U262
0/14 available8 hours

Fashion, Identity & Sustainability

Open-access C1 unit on fashion, identity & sustainability, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Advanced punctuation: semi-colons, colons, dashes in formal writingSilent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U263
0/14 available8 hours

Mental Health, Therapy & Stigma

Open-access C1 unit on mental health, therapy & stigma, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Cleft sentences (It is / What I…) for emphasisPolysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U264
0/14 available8 hours

Nutrition Science, Diets & Food Politics

Open-access C1 unit on nutrition science, diets & food politics, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Future forms: future perfect continuous, be about to, be due to, is bound toIntrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U265
0/14 available8 hours

Global Pandemics, Vaccines & Preparedness

Open-access C1 unit on global pandemics, vaccines & preparedness, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Comment and stance adverbs (frankly, surprisingly, consequently)Diphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U266
0/14 available8 hours

Drug Policy, Harm Reduction & Addiction

Open-access C1 unit on drug policy, harm reduction & addiction, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Performative verbs and metalinguistic reportingBritish vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U267
0/14 available8 hours

Sleep Science, Circadian Rhythm & Productivity

Open-access C1 unit on sleep science, circadian rhythm & productivity, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Hedging language (it would appear that; there is a tendency for)Linking and catenation
Open unit
U268
0/14 available8 hours

Palliative Care, Death & Dying Conversations

Open-access C1 unit on palliative care, death & dying conversations, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Causative constructions (have / get / make / let / help)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U269
0/14 available8 hours

Sports Medicine, Training & Performance

Open-access C1 unit on sports medicine, training & performance, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Verb-noun collocations at C1 (conduct research; raise awareness; take stock)Rhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U270
0/15 available10 hours

Mindfulness, Meditation & Cognitive Well-being

Open-access C1 unit on mindfulness, meditation & cognitive well-being, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Lexical bundles and multi-word units in academic and professional writingIntonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U271
0/14 available8 hours

Healthcare Systems & Access Inequality

Open-access C1 unit on healthcare systems & access inequality, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Wish / If only / would rather / it's time — hypothetical structuresStress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U272
0/14 available8 hours

Chronic Illness & Quality of Life

Open-access C1 unit on chronic illness & quality of life, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Gradable vs non-gradable adjectives with extreme modifiersVowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U273
0/14 available8 hours

Constitutional Law, Rights & Freedoms

Open-access C1 unit on constitutional law, rights & freedoms, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

The subjunctive mood (I suggest she leave; it is vital that he be informed)Sentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U274
0/14 available8 hours

International Humanitarian Law & Conflicts

Open-access C1 unit on international humanitarian law & conflicts, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Formal vs informal language: lexical and grammatical contrastsConnected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U275
0/14 available8 hours

Electoral Systems, Voting & Democracy

Open-access C1 unit on electoral systems, voting & democracy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Sentence adverbials vs clausal adjunctsContractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U276
0/14 available8 hours

Corruption, Transparency & Accountability

Open-access C1 unit on corruption, transparency & accountability, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Double comparatives (more and more; fewer and fewer; less and less)Minimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U277
0/14 available8 hours

Refugee Law, Statelessness & Human Rights

Open-access C1 unit on refugee law, statelessness & human rights, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Indirect questions and embedded clauses (I wonder whether…)Word-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U278
0/14 available8 hours

Environmental Law & Climate Litigation

Open-access C1 unit on environmental law & climate litigation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Reported speech with advanced reporting verbs (allege, deny, insist, urge)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U279
0/14 available8 hours

Intellectual Property, Patents & AI

Open-access C1 unit on intellectual property, patents & ai, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Abstract nouns derived from verbs and adjectives (word formation)Pitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U280
0/15 available10 hours

Mass Surveillance & State Power

Open-access C1 unit on mass surveillance & state power, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Verb patterns: infinitive vs -ing after verbs (stop to do vs stop doing)Word stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U281
0/14 available8 hours

Tax Policy, Inequality & Redistribution

Open-access C1 unit on tax policy, inequality & redistribution, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Cohesive devices: reference chains, substitution, ellipsisIntonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U282
0/14 available8 hours

Labour Law, Unions & Workers' Rights

Open-access C1 unit on labour law, unions & workers' rights, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Pseudo-cleft constructions (What matters is…; The thing is…)Silent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U283
0/14 available8 hours

Journalism, Press Freedom & Ethics

Open-access C1 unit on journalism, press freedom & ethics, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Quantifiers at C1 (a great deal of; the majority of; hardly any; scarcely)Polysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U284
0/14 available8 hours

Propaganda, Disinformation & Fact-Checking

Open-access C1 unit on propaganda, disinformation & fact-checking, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Stative vs dynamic verbs in perfect and progressive formsIntrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U285
0/14 available8 hours

Advertising, Persuasion & Behavioural Science

Open-access C1 unit on advertising, persuasion & behavioural science, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Mixed conditionals (2nd/3rd) and inverted conditionals (had/were/should)Diphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U286
0/14 available8 hours

Language, Power & Political Discourse

Open-access C1 unit on language, power & political discourse, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Compound nouns and complex noun-phrase pre-modificationBritish vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U287
0/14 available8 hours

Translation, Interpreting & Global Communication

Open-access C1 unit on translation, interpreting & global communication, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Complex verb aspects: perfect continuous combinationsLinking and catenation
Open unit
U288
0/14 available8 hours

Public Speaking, Debate & Rhetoric

Open-access C1 unit on public speaking, debate & rhetoric, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Discourse markers (admittedly, in contrast, to put it differently, hence)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U289
0/14 available8 hours

Podcasting, New Media & Audio Storytelling

Open-access C1 unit on podcasting, new media & audio storytelling, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Parallel structure and coordination in complex sentencesRhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U290
0/15 available10 hours

The Digital Divide & Media Literacy

Open-access C1 unit on the digital divide & media literacy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Contrastive focus and information structureIntonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U291
0/14 available8 hours

Critical Thinking, Logic & Fallacies

Open-access C1 unit on critical thinking, logic & fallacies, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Reduced adverbial clauses (once completed; when asked; if necessary)Stress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U292
0/14 available8 hours

Research Methods, Evidence & Peer Review

Open-access C1 unit on research methods, evidence & peer review, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Modal perfect forms (must have, could have, should have, needn't have)Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U293
0/14 available8 hours

Academic Writing, Citation & Plagiarism

Open-access C1 unit on academic writing, citation & plagiarism, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Nominalisation and academic registerSentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U294
0/14 available8 hours

Philosophy of Mind, Consciousness & AI

Open-access C1 unit on philosophy of mind, consciousness & ai, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Adverbial clauses of purpose and result (so that, in order not to, lest, hence)Connected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U295
0/14 available8 hours

History of Ideas, Revolutions & Paradigm Shifts

Open-access C1 unit on history of ideas, revolutions & paradigm shifts, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Complex prepositions (in spite of, with regard to, on account of)Contractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U296
0/14 available8 hours

Linguistics, Language Acquisition & Multilingualism

Open-access C1 unit on linguistics, language acquisition & multilingualism, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Ellipsis and substitution (so, do so, not, none, one)Minimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U297
0/14 available8 hours

Ethics, Moral Dilemmas & Applied Philosophy

Open-access C1 unit on ethics, moral dilemmas & applied philosophy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Tense consistency in narratives and hypotheticalsWord-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U298
0/14 available8 hours

Statistics, Data Literacy & Misinformation

Open-access C1 unit on statistics, data literacy & misinformation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Concessive clauses (while; whereas; admittedly; granted that)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U299
0/14 available8 hours

Cognitive Science, Memory & Learning

Open-access C1 unit on cognitive science, memory & learning, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

The passive voice: advanced forms and causative have / getPitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U300
0/15 available10 hours

University Life & Access to Higher Education

Open-access C1 unit on university life & access to higher education, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Relative clauses: defining, non-defining, reduced and nominalWord stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U301
0/14 available8 hours

Work-Life Balance & Burnout

Open-access C1 unit on work-life balance & burnout, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Adverbial clauses of concession (although, even though, much as, for all that)Intonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U302
0/14 available8 hours

Relationships, Loneliness & Social Connection

Open-access C1 unit on relationships, loneliness & social connection, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Advanced linking: concession, contrast, purpose, result, additionSilent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U303
0/14 available8 hours

Financial Literacy, Debt & Consumer Choices

Open-access C1 unit on financial literacy, debt & consumer choices, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Fronting for emphasis (What I'd really like…; Having said that…)Polysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U304
0/14 available8 hours

Travel, Cultural Shock & Cross-Cultural Communication

Open-access C1 unit on travel, cultural shock & cross-cultural communication, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Prepositional phrases as postmodifiers in noun phrasesIntrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U305
0/14 available8 hours

Volunteering, Community & Social Capital

Open-access C1 unit on volunteering, community & social capital, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Appositive noun phrases and their punctuationDiphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U306
0/14 available8 hours

Personal Branding & Self-Presentation

Open-access C1 unit on personal branding & self-presentation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Inversion after negative adverbials (rarely, seldom, no sooner, not until)British vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U307
0/14 available8 hours

Conflict Resolution & Interpersonal Mediation

Open-access C1 unit on conflict resolution & interpersonal mediation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Participle clauses (-ing, -ed, perfect participles as adverbials)Linking and catenation
Open unit
U308
0/14 available8 hours

Creativity, Innovation & Problem-Solving

Open-access C1 unit on creativity, innovation & problem-solving, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Comparative structures (the more… the more; not so much X as Y)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U309
0/14 available8 hours

Resilience, Failure & Growth Mindset

Open-access C1 unit on resilience, failure & growth mindset, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Prepositional and phrasal verbs at C1 levelRhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U310
0/15 available10 hours

Parenting, Education & Childhood in the Digital Age

Open-access C1 unit on parenting, education & childhood in the digital age, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Academic distancing and objectivity structuresIntonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U311
0/14 available8 hours

Leisure, Hobbies & Quality of Life

Open-access C1 unit on leisure, hobbies & quality of life, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

-ing clauses as subjects and objects (Travelling broadens…; I hate being…)Stress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U312
0/14 available8 hours

Food Culture, Gastronomy & Social Eating

Open-access C1 unit on food culture, gastronomy & social eating, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Advanced punctuation: semi-colons, colons, dashes in formal writingVowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U313
0/14 available8 hours

Business Communication & Negotiation

Open-access C1 unit on business communication & negotiation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Cleft sentences (It is / What I…) for emphasisSentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U314
0/14 available8 hours

Entrepreneurship & Start-ups

Open-access C1 unit on entrepreneurship & start-ups, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Future forms: future perfect continuous, be about to, be due to, is bound toConnected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U315
0/14 available8 hours

Corporate Culture & Leadership

Open-access C1 unit on corporate culture & leadership, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Comment and stance adverbs (frankly, surprisingly, consequently)Contractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U316
0/14 available8 hours

Finance, Investment & Risk

Open-access C1 unit on finance, investment & risk, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Performative verbs and metalinguistic reportingMinimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U317
0/14 available8 hours

Marketing, Branding & Consumer Psychology

Open-access C1 unit on marketing, branding & consumer psychology, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Hedging language (it would appear that; there is a tendency for)Word-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U318
0/14 available8 hours

Supply Chains & Global Trade

Open-access C1 unit on supply chains & global trade, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Causative constructions (have / get / make / let / help)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U319
0/14 available8 hours

Remote Work & the Future of Offices

Open-access C1 unit on remote work & the future of offices, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Verb-noun collocations at C1 (conduct research; raise awareness; take stock)Pitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U320
0/15 available10 hours

Career Development & Professional Networking

Open-access C1 unit on career development & professional networking, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Lexical bundles and multi-word units in academic and professional writingWord stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U321
0/14 available8 hours

Workplace Diversity, Equity & Inclusion

Open-access C1 unit on workplace diversity, equity & inclusion, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Wish / If only / would rather / it's time — hypothetical structuresIntonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U322
0/14 available8 hours

Consulting, Strategy & Decision-Making

Open-access C1 unit on consulting, strategy & decision-making, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Gradable vs non-gradable adjectives with extreme modifiersSilent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U323
0/14 available8 hours

Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning

Open-access C1 unit on artificial intelligence & machine learning, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

The subjunctive mood (I suggest she leave; it is vital that he be informed)Polysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U324
0/14 available8 hours

Cybersecurity, Privacy & Digital Rights

Open-access C1 unit on cybersecurity, privacy & digital rights, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Formal vs informal language: lexical and grammatical contrastsIntrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U325
0/14 available8 hours

Social Media, Algorithms & Attention

Open-access C1 unit on social media, algorithms & attention, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Sentence adverbials vs clausal adjunctsDiphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U326
0/14 available8 hours

Space Exploration & Astronomy

Open-access C1 unit on space exploration & astronomy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Double comparatives (more and more; fewer and fewer; less and less)British vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U327
0/14 available8 hours

Renewable Energy & Smart Grids

Open-access C1 unit on renewable energy & smart grids, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Indirect questions and embedded clauses (I wonder whether…)Linking and catenation
Open unit
U328
0/14 available8 hours

Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering

Open-access C1 unit on biotechnology & genetic engineering, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Reported speech with advanced reporting verbs (allege, deny, insist, urge)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U329
0/14 available8 hours

Robotics & Automation in Industry

Open-access C1 unit on robotics & automation in industry, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Abstract nouns derived from verbs and adjectives (word formation)Rhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U330
0/15 available10 hours

Digital Health & Telemedicine

Open-access C1 unit on digital health & telemedicine, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Verb patterns: infinitive vs -ing after verbs (stop to do vs stop doing)Intonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U331
0/14 available8 hours

Blockchain, Crypto & Decentralised Finance

Open-access C1 unit on blockchain, crypto & decentralised finance, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Cohesive devices: reference chains, substitution, ellipsisStress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U332
0/14 available8 hours

Smart Cities & Urban Technology

Open-access C1 unit on smart cities & urban technology, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Pseudo-cleft constructions (What matters is…; The thing is…)Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U333
0/14 available8 hours

Migration, Asylum & Borders

Open-access C1 unit on migration, asylum & borders, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Quantifiers at C1 (a great deal of; the majority of; hardly any; scarcely)Sentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U334
0/14 available8 hours

Gender, Identity & Social Norms

Open-access C1 unit on gender, identity & social norms, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Stative vs dynamic verbs in perfect and progressive formsConnected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U335
0/14 available8 hours

Social Class, Privilege & Mobility

Open-access C1 unit on social class, privilege & mobility, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Mixed conditionals (2nd/3rd) and inverted conditionals (had/were/should)Contractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U336
0/14 available8 hours

Religion, Faith & Secularism

Open-access C1 unit on religion, faith & secularism, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Compound nouns and complex noun-phrase pre-modificationMinimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U337
0/14 available8 hours

Youth Culture & Generational Conflict

Open-access C1 unit on youth culture & generational conflict, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Complex verb aspects: perfect continuous combinationsWord-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U338
0/14 available8 hours

Ageing Populations & Retirement

Open-access C1 unit on ageing populations & retirement, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Discourse markers (admittedly, in contrast, to put it differently, hence)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U339
0/14 available8 hours

Civic Engagement & Volunteerism

Open-access C1 unit on civic engagement & volunteerism, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Parallel structure and coordination in complex sentencesPitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U340
0/15 available10 hours

Populism, Nationalism & Democratic Erosion

Open-access C1 unit on populism, nationalism & democratic erosion, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Contrastive focus and information structureWord stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U341
0/14 available8 hours

Urban vs Rural Life

Open-access C1 unit on urban vs rural life, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Reduced adverbial clauses (once completed; when asked; if necessary)Intonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U342
0/14 available8 hours

Celebrity, Fame & Public Life

Open-access C1 unit on celebrity, fame & public life, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Modal perfect forms (must have, could have, should have, needn't have)Silent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U343
0/14 available8 hours

Climate Policy & International Agreements

Open-access C1 unit on climate policy & international agreements, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Nominalisation and academic registerPolysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U344
0/14 available8 hours

Biodiversity, Ecosystems & Extinction

Open-access C1 unit on biodiversity, ecosystems & extinction, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Adverbial clauses of purpose and result (so that, in order not to, lest, hence)Intrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U345
0/14 available8 hours

Ocean Health & Marine Conservation

Open-access C1 unit on ocean health & marine conservation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Complex prepositions (in spite of, with regard to, on account of)Diphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U346
0/14 available8 hours

Natural Disasters & Geological Processes

Open-access C1 unit on natural disasters & geological processes, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Ellipsis and substitution (so, do so, not, none, one)British vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U347
0/14 available8 hours

Neuroscience & Brain Research

Open-access C1 unit on neuroscience & brain research, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Tense consistency in narratives and hypotheticalsLinking and catenation
Open unit
U348
0/14 available8 hours

Quantum Physics & Future Technology

Open-access C1 unit on quantum physics & future technology, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Concessive clauses (while; whereas; admittedly; granted that)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U349
0/14 available8 hours

Agriculture, Farming & Food Security

Open-access C1 unit on agriculture, farming & food security, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

The passive voice: advanced forms and causative have / getRhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U350
0/15 available10 hours

Pollution, Waste & the Circular Economy

Open-access C1 unit on pollution, waste & the circular economy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Relative clauses: defining, non-defining, reduced and nominalIntonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U351
0/14 available8 hours

Wildlife Conservation & Rewilding

Open-access C1 unit on wildlife conservation & rewilding, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Adverbial clauses of concession (although, even though, much as, for all that)Stress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U352
0/14 available8 hours

The Ethics of Scientific Research

Open-access C1 unit on the ethics of scientific research, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Advanced linking: concession, contrast, purpose, result, additionVowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U353
0/14 available8 hours

Contemporary Art, Markets & Controversy

Open-access C1 unit on contemporary art, markets & controversy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Fronting for emphasis (What I'd really like…; Having said that…)Sentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U354
0/14 available8 hours

Architecture, Design & Public Space

Open-access C1 unit on architecture, design & public space, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Prepositional phrases as postmodifiers in noun phrasesConnected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U355
0/14 available8 hours

Music, Subcultures & Cultural Identity

Open-access C1 unit on music, subcultures & cultural identity, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Appositive noun phrases and their punctuationContractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U356
0/14 available8 hours

Theatre, Performance & Live Arts

Open-access C1 unit on theatre, performance & live arts, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Inversion after negative adverbials (rarely, seldom, no sooner, not until)Minimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U357
0/14 available8 hours

Photography, Documentary & Visual Truth

Open-access C1 unit on photography, documentary & visual truth, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Participle clauses (-ing, -ed, perfect participles as adverbials)Word-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U358
0/14 available8 hours

Poetry, Metaphor & Literary Language

Open-access C1 unit on poetry, metaphor & literary language, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Comparative structures (the more… the more; not so much X as Y)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U359
0/14 available8 hours

Publishing, Reading & the Digital Book

Open-access C1 unit on publishing, reading & the digital book, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Prepositional and phrasal verbs at C1 levelPitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U360
0/15 available10 hours

Film, Auteur Theory & Critical Analysis

Open-access C1 unit on film, auteur theory & critical analysis, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Academic distancing and objectivity structuresWord stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U361
0/14 available8 hours

Video Games, Interactive Media & Culture

Open-access C1 unit on video games, interactive media & culture, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

-ing clauses as subjects and objects (Travelling broadens…; I hate being…)Intonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U362
0/14 available8 hours

Fashion, Identity & Sustainability

Open-access C1 unit on fashion, identity & sustainability, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Advanced punctuation: semi-colons, colons, dashes in formal writingSilent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U363
0/14 available8 hours

Mental Health, Therapy & Stigma

Open-access C1 unit on mental health, therapy & stigma, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Cleft sentences (It is / What I…) for emphasisPolysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U364
0/14 available8 hours

Nutrition Science, Diets & Food Politics

Open-access C1 unit on nutrition science, diets & food politics, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Future forms: future perfect continuous, be about to, be due to, is bound toIntrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U365
0/14 available8 hours

Global Pandemics, Vaccines & Preparedness

Open-access C1 unit on global pandemics, vaccines & preparedness, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Comment and stance adverbs (frankly, surprisingly, consequently)Diphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U366
0/14 available8 hours

Drug Policy, Harm Reduction & Addiction

Open-access C1 unit on drug policy, harm reduction & addiction, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Performative verbs and metalinguistic reportingBritish vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U367
0/14 available8 hours

Sleep Science, Circadian Rhythm & Productivity

Open-access C1 unit on sleep science, circadian rhythm & productivity, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Hedging language (it would appear that; there is a tendency for)Linking and catenation
Open unit
U368
0/14 available8 hours

Palliative Care, Death & Dying Conversations

Open-access C1 unit on palliative care, death & dying conversations, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Causative constructions (have / get / make / let / help)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U369
0/14 available8 hours

Sports Medicine, Training & Performance

Open-access C1 unit on sports medicine, training & performance, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Verb-noun collocations at C1 (conduct research; raise awareness; take stock)Rhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U370
0/15 available10 hours

Mindfulness, Meditation & Cognitive Well-being

Open-access C1 unit on mindfulness, meditation & cognitive well-being, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Lexical bundles and multi-word units in academic and professional writingIntonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U371
0/14 available8 hours

Healthcare Systems & Access Inequality

Open-access C1 unit on healthcare systems & access inequality, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Wish / If only / would rather / it's time — hypothetical structuresStress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U372
0/14 available8 hours

Chronic Illness & Quality of Life

Open-access C1 unit on chronic illness & quality of life, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Gradable vs non-gradable adjectives with extreme modifiersVowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U373
0/14 available8 hours

Constitutional Law, Rights & Freedoms

Open-access C1 unit on constitutional law, rights & freedoms, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

The subjunctive mood (I suggest she leave; it is vital that he be informed)Sentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U374
0/14 available8 hours

International Humanitarian Law & Conflicts

Open-access C1 unit on international humanitarian law & conflicts, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Formal vs informal language: lexical and grammatical contrastsConnected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U375
0/14 available8 hours

Electoral Systems, Voting & Democracy

Open-access C1 unit on electoral systems, voting & democracy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Sentence adverbials vs clausal adjunctsContractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U376
0/14 available8 hours

Corruption, Transparency & Accountability

Open-access C1 unit on corruption, transparency & accountability, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Double comparatives (more and more; fewer and fewer; less and less)Minimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U377
0/14 available8 hours

Refugee Law, Statelessness & Human Rights

Open-access C1 unit on refugee law, statelessness & human rights, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Indirect questions and embedded clauses (I wonder whether…)Word-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U378
0/14 available8 hours

Environmental Law & Climate Litigation

Open-access C1 unit on environmental law & climate litigation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Reported speech with advanced reporting verbs (allege, deny, insist, urge)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U379
0/14 available8 hours

Intellectual Property, Patents & AI

Open-access C1 unit on intellectual property, patents & ai, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Abstract nouns derived from verbs and adjectives (word formation)Pitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U380
0/15 available10 hours

Mass Surveillance & State Power

Open-access C1 unit on mass surveillance & state power, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Verb patterns: infinitive vs -ing after verbs (stop to do vs stop doing)Word stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U381
0/14 available8 hours

Tax Policy, Inequality & Redistribution

Open-access C1 unit on tax policy, inequality & redistribution, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Cohesive devices: reference chains, substitution, ellipsisIntonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U382
0/14 available8 hours

Labour Law, Unions & Workers' Rights

Open-access C1 unit on labour law, unions & workers' rights, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Pseudo-cleft constructions (What matters is…; The thing is…)Silent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U383
0/14 available8 hours

Journalism, Press Freedom & Ethics

Open-access C1 unit on journalism, press freedom & ethics, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Quantifiers at C1 (a great deal of; the majority of; hardly any; scarcely)Polysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U384
0/14 available8 hours

Propaganda, Disinformation & Fact-Checking

Open-access C1 unit on propaganda, disinformation & fact-checking, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Stative vs dynamic verbs in perfect and progressive formsIntrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U385
0/14 available8 hours

Advertising, Persuasion & Behavioural Science

Open-access C1 unit on advertising, persuasion & behavioural science, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Mixed conditionals (2nd/3rd) and inverted conditionals (had/were/should)Diphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U386
0/14 available8 hours

Language, Power & Political Discourse

Open-access C1 unit on language, power & political discourse, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Compound nouns and complex noun-phrase pre-modificationBritish vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U387
0/14 available8 hours

Translation, Interpreting & Global Communication

Open-access C1 unit on translation, interpreting & global communication, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Complex verb aspects: perfect continuous combinationsLinking and catenation
Open unit
U388
0/14 available8 hours

Public Speaking, Debate & Rhetoric

Open-access C1 unit on public speaking, debate & rhetoric, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Discourse markers (admittedly, in contrast, to put it differently, hence)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U389
0/14 available8 hours

Podcasting, New Media & Audio Storytelling

Open-access C1 unit on podcasting, new media & audio storytelling, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Parallel structure and coordination in complex sentencesRhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U390
0/15 available10 hours

The Digital Divide & Media Literacy

Open-access C1 unit on the digital divide & media literacy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Contrastive focus and information structureIntonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U391
0/14 available8 hours

Critical Thinking, Logic & Fallacies

Open-access C1 unit on critical thinking, logic & fallacies, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Reduced adverbial clauses (once completed; when asked; if necessary)Stress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U392
0/14 available8 hours

Research Methods, Evidence & Peer Review

Open-access C1 unit on research methods, evidence & peer review, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Modal perfect forms (must have, could have, should have, needn't have)Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U393
0/14 available8 hours

Academic Writing, Citation & Plagiarism

Open-access C1 unit on academic writing, citation & plagiarism, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Nominalisation and academic registerSentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U394
0/14 available8 hours

Philosophy of Mind, Consciousness & AI

Open-access C1 unit on philosophy of mind, consciousness & ai, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Adverbial clauses of purpose and result (so that, in order not to, lest, hence)Connected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U395
0/14 available8 hours

History of Ideas, Revolutions & Paradigm Shifts

Open-access C1 unit on history of ideas, revolutions & paradigm shifts, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Complex prepositions (in spite of, with regard to, on account of)Contractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U396
0/14 available8 hours

Linguistics, Language Acquisition & Multilingualism

Open-access C1 unit on linguistics, language acquisition & multilingualism, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Ellipsis and substitution (so, do so, not, none, one)Minimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U397
0/14 available8 hours

Ethics, Moral Dilemmas & Applied Philosophy

Open-access C1 unit on ethics, moral dilemmas & applied philosophy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Tense consistency in narratives and hypotheticalsWord-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U398
0/14 available8 hours

Statistics, Data Literacy & Misinformation

Open-access C1 unit on statistics, data literacy & misinformation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Concessive clauses (while; whereas; admittedly; granted that)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U399
0/14 available8 hours

Cognitive Science, Memory & Learning

Open-access C1 unit on cognitive science, memory & learning, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

The passive voice: advanced forms and causative have / getPitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U400
0/15 available10 hours

University Life & Access to Higher Education

Open-access C1 unit on university life & access to higher education, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Relative clauses: defining, non-defining, reduced and nominalWord stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U401
0/14 available8 hours

Work-Life Balance & Burnout

Open-access C1 unit on work-life balance & burnout, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Adverbial clauses of concession (although, even though, much as, for all that)Intonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U402
0/14 available8 hours

Relationships, Loneliness & Social Connection

Open-access C1 unit on relationships, loneliness & social connection, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Advanced linking: concession, contrast, purpose, result, additionSilent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U403
0/14 available8 hours

Financial Literacy, Debt & Consumer Choices

Open-access C1 unit on financial literacy, debt & consumer choices, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Fronting for emphasis (What I'd really like…; Having said that…)Polysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U404
0/14 available8 hours

Travel, Cultural Shock & Cross-Cultural Communication

Open-access C1 unit on travel, cultural shock & cross-cultural communication, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Prepositional phrases as postmodifiers in noun phrasesIntrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U405
0/14 available8 hours

Volunteering, Community & Social Capital

Open-access C1 unit on volunteering, community & social capital, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Appositive noun phrases and their punctuationDiphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U406
0/14 available8 hours

Personal Branding & Self-Presentation

Open-access C1 unit on personal branding & self-presentation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Inversion after negative adverbials (rarely, seldom, no sooner, not until)British vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U407
0/14 available8 hours

Conflict Resolution & Interpersonal Mediation

Open-access C1 unit on conflict resolution & interpersonal mediation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Participle clauses (-ing, -ed, perfect participles as adverbials)Linking and catenation
Open unit
U408
0/14 available8 hours

Creativity, Innovation & Problem-Solving

Open-access C1 unit on creativity, innovation & problem-solving, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Comparative structures (the more… the more; not so much X as Y)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U409
0/14 available8 hours

Resilience, Failure & Growth Mindset

Open-access C1 unit on resilience, failure & growth mindset, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Prepositional and phrasal verbs at C1 levelRhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U410
0/15 available10 hours

Parenting, Education & Childhood in the Digital Age

Open-access C1 unit on parenting, education & childhood in the digital age, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Academic distancing and objectivity structuresIntonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U411
0/14 available8 hours

Leisure, Hobbies & Quality of Life

Open-access C1 unit on leisure, hobbies & quality of life, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

-ing clauses as subjects and objects (Travelling broadens…; I hate being…)Stress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U412
0/14 available8 hours

Food Culture, Gastronomy & Social Eating

Open-access C1 unit on food culture, gastronomy & social eating, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Advanced punctuation: semi-colons, colons, dashes in formal writingVowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U413
0/14 available8 hours

Business Communication & Negotiation

Open-access C1 unit on business communication & negotiation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Cleft sentences (It is / What I…) for emphasisSentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U414
0/14 available8 hours

Entrepreneurship & Start-ups

Open-access C1 unit on entrepreneurship & start-ups, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Future forms: future perfect continuous, be about to, be due to, is bound toConnected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U415
0/14 available8 hours

Corporate Culture & Leadership

Open-access C1 unit on corporate culture & leadership, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Comment and stance adverbs (frankly, surprisingly, consequently)Contractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U416
0/14 available8 hours

Finance, Investment & Risk

Open-access C1 unit on finance, investment & risk, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Performative verbs and metalinguistic reportingMinimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U417
0/14 available8 hours

Marketing, Branding & Consumer Psychology

Open-access C1 unit on marketing, branding & consumer psychology, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Hedging language (it would appear that; there is a tendency for)Word-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U418
0/14 available8 hours

Supply Chains & Global Trade

Open-access C1 unit on supply chains & global trade, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Causative constructions (have / get / make / let / help)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U419
0/14 available8 hours

Remote Work & the Future of Offices

Open-access C1 unit on remote work & the future of offices, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Verb-noun collocations at C1 (conduct research; raise awareness; take stock)Pitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U420
0/15 available10 hours

Career Development & Professional Networking

Open-access C1 unit on career development & professional networking, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Lexical bundles and multi-word units in academic and professional writingWord stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U421
0/14 available8 hours

Workplace Diversity, Equity & Inclusion

Open-access C1 unit on workplace diversity, equity & inclusion, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Wish / If only / would rather / it's time — hypothetical structuresIntonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U422
0/14 available8 hours

Consulting, Strategy & Decision-Making

Open-access C1 unit on consulting, strategy & decision-making, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Gradable vs non-gradable adjectives with extreme modifiersSilent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U423
0/14 available8 hours

Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning

Open-access C1 unit on artificial intelligence & machine learning, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

The subjunctive mood (I suggest she leave; it is vital that he be informed)Polysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U424
0/14 available8 hours

Cybersecurity, Privacy & Digital Rights

Open-access C1 unit on cybersecurity, privacy & digital rights, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Formal vs informal language: lexical and grammatical contrastsIntrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U425
0/14 available8 hours

Social Media, Algorithms & Attention

Open-access C1 unit on social media, algorithms & attention, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Sentence adverbials vs clausal adjunctsDiphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U426
0/14 available8 hours

Space Exploration & Astronomy

Open-access C1 unit on space exploration & astronomy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Double comparatives (more and more; fewer and fewer; less and less)British vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U427
0/14 available8 hours

Renewable Energy & Smart Grids

Open-access C1 unit on renewable energy & smart grids, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Indirect questions and embedded clauses (I wonder whether…)Linking and catenation
Open unit
U428
0/14 available8 hours

Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering

Open-access C1 unit on biotechnology & genetic engineering, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Reported speech with advanced reporting verbs (allege, deny, insist, urge)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U429
0/14 available8 hours

Robotics & Automation in Industry

Open-access C1 unit on robotics & automation in industry, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Abstract nouns derived from verbs and adjectives (word formation)Rhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U430
0/15 available10 hours

Digital Health & Telemedicine

Open-access C1 unit on digital health & telemedicine, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Verb patterns: infinitive vs -ing after verbs (stop to do vs stop doing)Intonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U431
0/14 available8 hours

Blockchain, Crypto & Decentralised Finance

Open-access C1 unit on blockchain, crypto & decentralised finance, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Cohesive devices: reference chains, substitution, ellipsisStress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U432
0/14 available8 hours

Smart Cities & Urban Technology

Open-access C1 unit on smart cities & urban technology, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Pseudo-cleft constructions (What matters is…; The thing is…)Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U433
0/14 available8 hours

Migration, Asylum & Borders

Open-access C1 unit on migration, asylum & borders, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Quantifiers at C1 (a great deal of; the majority of; hardly any; scarcely)Sentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U434
0/14 available8 hours

Gender, Identity & Social Norms

Open-access C1 unit on gender, identity & social norms, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Stative vs dynamic verbs in perfect and progressive formsConnected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U435
0/14 available8 hours

Social Class, Privilege & Mobility

Open-access C1 unit on social class, privilege & mobility, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Mixed conditionals (2nd/3rd) and inverted conditionals (had/were/should)Contractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U436
0/14 available8 hours

Religion, Faith & Secularism

Open-access C1 unit on religion, faith & secularism, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Compound nouns and complex noun-phrase pre-modificationMinimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U437
0/14 available8 hours

Youth Culture & Generational Conflict

Open-access C1 unit on youth culture & generational conflict, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Complex verb aspects: perfect continuous combinationsWord-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U438
0/14 available8 hours

Ageing Populations & Retirement

Open-access C1 unit on ageing populations & retirement, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Discourse markers (admittedly, in contrast, to put it differently, hence)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U439
0/14 available8 hours

Civic Engagement & Volunteerism

Open-access C1 unit on civic engagement & volunteerism, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Parallel structure and coordination in complex sentencesPitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U440
0/15 available10 hours

Populism, Nationalism & Democratic Erosion

Open-access C1 unit on populism, nationalism & democratic erosion, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Contrastive focus and information structureWord stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U441
0/14 available8 hours

Urban vs Rural Life

Open-access C1 unit on urban vs rural life, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Reduced adverbial clauses (once completed; when asked; if necessary)Intonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U442
0/14 available8 hours

Celebrity, Fame & Public Life

Open-access C1 unit on celebrity, fame & public life, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Modal perfect forms (must have, could have, should have, needn't have)Silent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U443
0/14 available8 hours

Climate Policy & International Agreements

Open-access C1 unit on climate policy & international agreements, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Nominalisation and academic registerPolysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U444
0/14 available8 hours

Biodiversity, Ecosystems & Extinction

Open-access C1 unit on biodiversity, ecosystems & extinction, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Adverbial clauses of purpose and result (so that, in order not to, lest, hence)Intrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U445
0/14 available8 hours

Ocean Health & Marine Conservation

Open-access C1 unit on ocean health & marine conservation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Complex prepositions (in spite of, with regard to, on account of)Diphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U446
0/14 available8 hours

Natural Disasters & Geological Processes

Open-access C1 unit on natural disasters & geological processes, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Ellipsis and substitution (so, do so, not, none, one)British vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U447
0/14 available8 hours

Neuroscience & Brain Research

Open-access C1 unit on neuroscience & brain research, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Tense consistency in narratives and hypotheticalsLinking and catenation
Open unit
U448
0/14 available8 hours

Quantum Physics & Future Technology

Open-access C1 unit on quantum physics & future technology, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Concessive clauses (while; whereas; admittedly; granted that)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U449
0/14 available8 hours

Agriculture, Farming & Food Security

Open-access C1 unit on agriculture, farming & food security, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

The passive voice: advanced forms and causative have / getRhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U450
0/15 available10 hours

Pollution, Waste & the Circular Economy

Open-access C1 unit on pollution, waste & the circular economy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Relative clauses: defining, non-defining, reduced and nominalIntonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U451
0/14 available8 hours

Wildlife Conservation & Rewilding

Open-access C1 unit on wildlife conservation & rewilding, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Adverbial clauses of concession (although, even though, much as, for all that)Stress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U452
0/14 available8 hours

The Ethics of Scientific Research

Open-access C1 unit on the ethics of scientific research, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Advanced linking: concession, contrast, purpose, result, additionVowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U453
0/14 available8 hours

Contemporary Art, Markets & Controversy

Open-access C1 unit on contemporary art, markets & controversy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Fronting for emphasis (What I'd really like…; Having said that…)Sentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U454
0/14 available8 hours

Architecture, Design & Public Space

Open-access C1 unit on architecture, design & public space, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Prepositional phrases as postmodifiers in noun phrasesConnected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U455
0/14 available8 hours

Music, Subcultures & Cultural Identity

Open-access C1 unit on music, subcultures & cultural identity, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Appositive noun phrases and their punctuationContractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U456
0/14 available8 hours

Theatre, Performance & Live Arts

Open-access C1 unit on theatre, performance & live arts, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Inversion after negative adverbials (rarely, seldom, no sooner, not until)Minimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U457
0/14 available8 hours

Photography, Documentary & Visual Truth

Open-access C1 unit on photography, documentary & visual truth, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Participle clauses (-ing, -ed, perfect participles as adverbials)Word-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U458
0/14 available8 hours

Poetry, Metaphor & Literary Language

Open-access C1 unit on poetry, metaphor & literary language, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Comparative structures (the more… the more; not so much X as Y)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U459
0/14 available8 hours

Publishing, Reading & the Digital Book

Open-access C1 unit on publishing, reading & the digital book, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Prepositional and phrasal verbs at C1 levelPitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U460
0/15 available10 hours

Film, Auteur Theory & Critical Analysis

Open-access C1 unit on film, auteur theory & critical analysis, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Academic distancing and objectivity structuresWord stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U461
0/14 available8 hours

Video Games, Interactive Media & Culture

Open-access C1 unit on video games, interactive media & culture, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

-ing clauses as subjects and objects (Travelling broadens…; I hate being…)Intonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U462
0/14 available8 hours

Fashion, Identity & Sustainability

Open-access C1 unit on fashion, identity & sustainability, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Advanced punctuation: semi-colons, colons, dashes in formal writingSilent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U463
0/14 available8 hours

Mental Health, Therapy & Stigma

Open-access C1 unit on mental health, therapy & stigma, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Cleft sentences (It is / What I…) for emphasisPolysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U464
0/14 available8 hours

Nutrition Science, Diets & Food Politics

Open-access C1 unit on nutrition science, diets & food politics, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Future forms: future perfect continuous, be about to, be due to, is bound toIntrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U465
0/14 available8 hours

Global Pandemics, Vaccines & Preparedness

Open-access C1 unit on global pandemics, vaccines & preparedness, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Comment and stance adverbs (frankly, surprisingly, consequently)Diphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U466
0/14 available8 hours

Drug Policy, Harm Reduction & Addiction

Open-access C1 unit on drug policy, harm reduction & addiction, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Performative verbs and metalinguistic reportingBritish vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U467
0/14 available8 hours

Sleep Science, Circadian Rhythm & Productivity

Open-access C1 unit on sleep science, circadian rhythm & productivity, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Hedging language (it would appear that; there is a tendency for)Linking and catenation
Open unit
U468
0/14 available8 hours

Palliative Care, Death & Dying Conversations

Open-access C1 unit on palliative care, death & dying conversations, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Causative constructions (have / get / make / let / help)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U469
0/14 available8 hours

Sports Medicine, Training & Performance

Open-access C1 unit on sports medicine, training & performance, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Verb-noun collocations at C1 (conduct research; raise awareness; take stock)Rhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U470
0/15 available10 hours

Mindfulness, Meditation & Cognitive Well-being

Open-access C1 unit on mindfulness, meditation & cognitive well-being, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Lexical bundles and multi-word units in academic and professional writingIntonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U471
0/14 available8 hours

Healthcare Systems & Access Inequality

Open-access C1 unit on healthcare systems & access inequality, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Wish / If only / would rather / it's time — hypothetical structuresStress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U472
0/14 available8 hours

Chronic Illness & Quality of Life

Open-access C1 unit on chronic illness & quality of life, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Gradable vs non-gradable adjectives with extreme modifiersVowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U473
0/14 available8 hours

Constitutional Law, Rights & Freedoms

Open-access C1 unit on constitutional law, rights & freedoms, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

The subjunctive mood (I suggest she leave; it is vital that he be informed)Sentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U474
0/14 available8 hours

International Humanitarian Law & Conflicts

Open-access C1 unit on international humanitarian law & conflicts, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Formal vs informal language: lexical and grammatical contrastsConnected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U475
0/14 available8 hours

Electoral Systems, Voting & Democracy

Open-access C1 unit on electoral systems, voting & democracy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Sentence adverbials vs clausal adjunctsContractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U476
0/14 available8 hours

Corruption, Transparency & Accountability

Open-access C1 unit on corruption, transparency & accountability, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Double comparatives (more and more; fewer and fewer; less and less)Minimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U477
0/14 available8 hours

Refugee Law, Statelessness & Human Rights

Open-access C1 unit on refugee law, statelessness & human rights, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Indirect questions and embedded clauses (I wonder whether…)Word-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U478
0/14 available8 hours

Environmental Law & Climate Litigation

Open-access C1 unit on environmental law & climate litigation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Reported speech with advanced reporting verbs (allege, deny, insist, urge)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U479
0/14 available8 hours

Intellectual Property, Patents & AI

Open-access C1 unit on intellectual property, patents & ai, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Abstract nouns derived from verbs and adjectives (word formation)Pitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U480
0/15 available10 hours

Mass Surveillance & State Power

Open-access C1 unit on mass surveillance & state power, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Verb patterns: infinitive vs -ing after verbs (stop to do vs stop doing)Word stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit
U481
0/14 available8 hours

Tax Policy, Inequality & Redistribution

Open-access C1 unit on tax policy, inequality & redistribution, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Cohesive devices: reference chains, substitution, ellipsisIntonation patterns in statements and questions
Open unit
U482
0/14 available8 hours

Labour Law, Unions & Workers' Rights

Open-access C1 unit on labour law, unions & workers' rights, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Pseudo-cleft constructions (What matters is…; The thing is…)Silent letters and tricky spellings
Open unit
U483
0/14 available8 hours

Journalism, Press Freedom & Ethics

Open-access C1 unit on journalism, press freedom & ethics, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Quantifiers at C1 (a great deal of; the majority of; hardly any; scarcely)Polysyllabic derivations (photograph → photography)
Open unit
U484
0/14 available8 hours

Propaganda, Disinformation & Fact-Checking

Open-access C1 unit on propaganda, disinformation & fact-checking, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Stative vs dynamic verbs in perfect and progressive formsIntrusive /r/ and linking /r/
Open unit
U485
0/14 available8 hours

Advertising, Persuasion & Behavioural Science

Open-access C1 unit on advertising, persuasion & behavioural science, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Mixed conditionals (2nd/3rd) and inverted conditionals (had/were/should)Diphthongs at C1: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/
Open unit
U486
0/14 available8 hours

Language, Power & Political Discourse

Open-access C1 unit on language, power & political discourse, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Compound nouns and complex noun-phrase pre-modificationBritish vs American pronunciation: key differences
Open unit
U487
0/14 available8 hours

Translation, Interpreting & Global Communication

Open-access C1 unit on translation, interpreting & global communication, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Complex verb aspects: perfect continuous combinationsLinking and catenation
Open unit
U488
0/14 available8 hours

Public Speaking, Debate & Rhetoric

Open-access C1 unit on public speaking, debate & rhetoric, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Discourse markers (admittedly, in contrast, to put it differently, hence)The schwa /ə/ in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U489
0/14 available8 hours

Podcasting, New Media & Audio Storytelling

Open-access C1 unit on podcasting, new media & audio storytelling, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Parallel structure and coordination in complex sentencesRhythm and tonic stress
Open unit
U490
0/15 available10 hours

The Digital Divide & Media Literacy

Open-access C1 unit on the digital divide & media literacy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Contrastive focus and information structureIntonation for attitude and emotion
Open unit
U491
0/14 available8 hours

Critical Thinking, Logic & Fallacies

Open-access C1 unit on critical thinking, logic & fallacies, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Reduced adverbial clauses (once completed; when asked; if necessary)Stress in compound words vs noun phrases
Open unit
U492
0/14 available8 hours

Research Methods, Evidence & Peer Review

Open-access C1 unit on research methods, evidence & peer review, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Modal perfect forms (must have, could have, should have, needn't have)Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
Open unit
U493
0/14 available8 hours

Academic Writing, Citation & Plagiarism

Open-access C1 unit on academic writing, citation & plagiarism, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Nominalisation and academic registerSentence stress and weak forms
Open unit
U494
0/14 available8 hours

Philosophy of Mind, Consciousness & AI

Open-access C1 unit on philosophy of mind, consciousness & ai, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Adverbial clauses of purpose and result (so that, in order not to, lest, hence)Connected speech: assimilation and elision
Open unit
U495
0/14 available8 hours

History of Ideas, Revolutions & Paradigm Shifts

Open-access C1 unit on history of ideas, revolutions & paradigm shifts, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Complex prepositions (in spite of, with regard to, on account of)Contractions and reductions in fast speech
Open unit
U496
0/14 available8 hours

Linguistics, Language Acquisition & Multilingualism

Open-access C1 unit on linguistics, language acquisition & multilingualism, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Ellipsis and substitution (so, do so, not, none, one)Minimal pairs: /ɪ/-/iː/, /æ/-/ʌ/, /ɒ/-/əʊ/
Open unit
U497
0/14 available8 hours

Ethics, Moral Dilemmas & Applied Philosophy

Open-access C1 unit on ethics, moral dilemmas & applied philosophy, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Tense consistency in narratives and hypotheticalsWord-final consonant clusters
Open unit
U498
0/14 available8 hours

Statistics, Data Literacy & Misinformation

Open-access C1 unit on statistics, data literacy & misinformation, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Concessive clauses (while; whereas; admittedly; granted that)The glottal stop in British English
Open unit
U499
0/14 available8 hours

Cognitive Science, Memory & Learning

Open-access C1 unit on cognitive science, memory & learning, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

The passive voice: advanced forms and causative have / getPitch range and emphasis in presentations
Open unit
U500
0/15 available10 hours

University Life & Access to Higher Education

Open-access C1 unit on university life & access to higher education, combining grammar, vocabulary, exam practice, speaking, writing and audio-rich study materials.

Relative clauses: defining, non-defining, reduced and nominalWord stress in polysyllabic words
Open unit