Grammar Focus
Detailed explanation, examples and controlled practice for the unit grammar point.
Lesson objectives
- Recognise and control Advanced linking: concession, contrast, purpose, result, addition.
- Notice common errors Spanish-speaking learners make at advanced level.
- Apply the structure in exam-style sentences related to the ethics of scientific research.
Explicación (en español)
En este nivel C1, el uso de conectores (linkers) no se trata solo de unir frases, sino de demostrar sofisticación y precisión. Para hablar de temas complejos como la ética científica, necesitamos transiciones fluidas que permitan matizar argumentos. En esta unidad, nos enfocaremos en cinco funciones clave: concession (concesión), contrast (contraste), purpose (propósito), result (resultado) e addition (adición).
La concession se usa para introducir un hecho que hace que la idea principal sea sorprendente (ej. Although). El contrast marca una oposición directa (ej. However), mientras que el purpose explica el objetivo de una acción (ej. In order to). El result muestra la consecuencia de algo (ej. Consequently), y la addition añade información relevante (ej. Furthermore). La clave del nivel C1 es la variedad: no uses siempre "but" o "because"; utiliza estructuras más avanzadas.
Un error muy común entre los hispanohablantes es la confusión entre conectores seguidos de una cláusula completa (sujeto + verbo) y aquellos que requieren un sustantivo o un gerundio (-ing). Por ejemplo, en español decimos "A pesar de que..." (seguido de frase) y "A pesar de..." (seguido de sustantivo). En inglés, Although requiere una cláusula (Although it was difficult), mientras que Despite requiere un sustantivo o gerundio (Despite the difficulty). Mezclar estas reglas es un error típico que resta puntos en el examen de Cambridge.
Otro punto crítico es la puntuación. Los conectores de transición (como However, Furthermore, Consequently) suelen ir al principio de una oración seguidos de una coma. Los conectores de subordinación (como Although, While) suelen ir integrados en la frase. Aprender a manejar esta distinción es lo que separa a un estudiante B2 de un C1.
Form — estructura
| Function | Linker | Structure |
|---|---|---|
| Concession | Although / Even though | + Clause (Subject + Verb) |
| Concession | Despite / In spite of | + Noun / -ing form |
| Contrast | However / Nevertheless | New sentence + Comma |
| Purpose | In order to / So as to | + Infinitive |
| Result | Consequently / Therefore | New sentence + Comma |
| Addition | Furthermore / Moreover | New sentence + Comma |
Examples
- Although the experiment was successful, ethical concerns were raised. (Aunque el experimento fue exitoso, se plantearon dudas éticas.)
- Scientists conducted the study in order to find a cure for the disease. (Los científicos realizaron el estudio con el fin de encontrar una cura para la enfermedad.)
- The data was manipulated; consequently, the entire research was invalidated. (Los datos fueron manipulados; por consiguiente, toda la investigación fue invalidada.)
- Despite the high costs, the laboratory decided to proceed with the clinical trials. (A pesar de los altos costes, el laboratorio decidió proceder con los ensayos clínicos.)
- The research provides new insights into genetics; furthermore, it opens doors to gene editing. (La investigación aporta nuevas perspectivas sobre la genética; además, abre puertas a la edición genética.)
- Even though the results were inconclusive, the team published their findings. (A pesar de que los resultados no fueron concluyentes, el equipo publicó sus hallazlos.)
- We must implement stricter regulations so as to prevent bioethical violations. (Debemos implementar regulaciones más estrictas para prevenir violaciones bioéticas.)
- The hypothesis was flawed; nevertheless, it sparked a global debate. (La hipótesis era defectuosa; no obstante, desencadenó un debate global.)
Contrast
- ✗ Despite the results were surprising, they were published. / ✓ Although the results were surprising, they were published. (Error: 'Despite' no puede ir seguido de una cláusula con sujeto y verbo).
- ✗ The lab was funded so as to prevent fraud. / ✓ The lab was funded in order to prevent fraud. (Error: 'So as to' se usa para propósitos de acción, no para justificar una situación estática de este tipo).
- ✗ The drug is effective. Moreover, it is cheap. / ✓ The drug is effective; moreover, it is cheap. (Error: 'Moreover' es un conector de transición y suele requerir un punto o punto y coma previo).
- ✗ In spite of the fact that the ethics committee approved it, the trial was stopped. / ✓ In spite of the fact that the ethics committee approved it, the trial was stopped. (Error: Si usas una cláusula completa, debes añadir 'the fact that' después de 'In spite of').
Mini-quiz — 10 preguntas
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___ the potential risks, the researchers decided to continue the trial. a) Although b) Despite c) However
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The government must regulate AI development ___ protect human privacy. a) in order to b) so as c) because
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The study was poorly designed; ___, the results were widely accepted. a) consequently b) nevertheless c) furthermore
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Rewrite the sentence using "In spite of": Although the funding was limited, the breakthrough was achieved.
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The team discovered a new protein. ___, they identified the gene responsible for the mutation. a) Therefore b) Moreover c) Although
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Choose the correct option: The scientist refused to publish the data ___ the results were biased. a) despite b) because c) in order to
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Complete the sentence: The ethics committee was notified of the breach; ___, the lead researcher was suspended. a) consequently b) although c) in spite of
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Rewrite the sentence using "Even though": Despite being controversial, the experiment changed the field of biology.
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We need to establish clear guidelines ___ avoid unethical practices in cloning. a) so as to b) in spite of c) despite
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Identify the error in this sentence: Despite the fact that the results were positive, but the team decided to restart. a) The error is "the fact that". b) The error is "but". c) There is no error.
Respuestas: 1. b | 2. a | 3. b | 4. In spite of the limited funding, the breakthrough was achieved. | 5. b | 6. b | 7. a | 8. Even though the experiment was controversial, it changed the field of biology. | 9. a | 10. b (You cannot use "although/despite" and "but" in the same sentence to express the same contrast).