Use of English
Transformation, word formation and precision work in Cambridge C1 style.
Lesson objectives
- Improve grammatical precision and collocational control.
- Practise exam-style transformations and word formation systematically.
- Connect structure and lexis back to the unit theme of cybersecurity, privacy & digital rights.
Part 1 — Word formation
Instructions: Read the text below. Use the word in CAPITALS at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line.
In an era of increasing digital connectivity, the _ of personal data has become a primary concern for governments worldwide. While many users find the constant need for password updates to be _, security experts argue that these measures are essential to prevent unauthorized access. The ____ of identity theft has risen significantly due to sophisticated phishing schemes.
Furthermore, the _ of privacy in the age of big data is a subject of intense debate. Some argue that the constant monitoring of online activity is an _ infringement on human rights, while others claim it is necessary for national security. As technology continues to evolve, the ____ of new vulnerabilities remains a constant challenge.
It is vital that individuals remain _ of the risks associated with public Wi-Fi networks. Without proper _ measures, our digital lives remain vulnerable to malicious actors.
- ____ (PROTECT)
- ____ (ANNOY)
- ____ (OCCUR)
- ____ (LOSS)
- ____ (REDUCE)
- ____ (UNACCEPT)
- ____ (EMERGE)
- ____ (AWARE)
- ____ (PREVENT)
Part 2 — Key word transformations
Instructions: Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given. 1. It was a mistake for the company to ignore the security warning. | SHOULD → The company ____ the security warning. 2. "I'm sorry I didn't update the software," said the technician. | REGRETTED → The technician ___ the software. 3. It is possible that the hackers accessed the database last night. | MIGHT → The hackers __ the database last night. 4. I only realised how vulnerable my data was after the breach. | UNTIL → It __ how vulnerable my data was. 5. It's a pity we don't have stronger encryption protocols. | WISH → I __ stronger encryption protocols. 6. The manager suggested that we change our passwords immediately. | THAT → The manager _____ our passwords immediately.
Answer key
- protection
- annoying
- occurrence
- loss
- reduction
- unacceptable
- emergence
- aware
- preventive
- should have ignored
- regretted not updating
- might have accessed
- was not until the breach that I realised
- wish we had
- suggested that we change