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Technology & InnovationL07
use_of_english

Use of English

Transformation, word formation and precision work in Cambridge C1 style.

50 minC1c1use_of_englishtechnology-innovationword formationkey word transformationstechnologyinnovation

Lesson objectives

  • Improve grammatical precision and collocational control.
  • Practise exam-style transformations and word formation systematically.
  • Connect structure and lexis back to the unit theme of technology & innovation.

Part 1 — Word formation

Instructions: Read the text below. Use the word in CAPITALS at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line.

The rapid pace of technological _ 1 has changed how we live. While some see these advancements as purely _ 2, others worry about the ethical implications of artificial intelligence. For instance, the _ 3 of automation in manufacturing has led to significant job displacement. However, many experts argue that these changes are _ 4 to the long-term growth of the global economy.

The _ 5 of data privacy is another major concern; as we become more connected, our personal information becomes increasingly _ 6 to hackers. To mitigate these risks, engineers are working on more _ 7 security protocols. Ultimately, the goal is to ensure that innovation remains _ 8 to human interests.

  1. INNOVATE
  2. BENEFIT
  3. AUTOMATE
  4. INEVITABLE
  5. VULNERABLE
  6. EXPOSE
  7. REVOLUTION
  8. SERVE

Part 2 — Key word transformations

Instructions: Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and five words, including the word given. 1. I’m sure that the engineer forgot to update the software before the crash. | MUST → The engineer ____ the software before the crash. 2. It was a mistake for the company to invest so much in outdated hardware. | SHOULD → The company ___ so much in outdated hardware. 3. Perhaps the sudden loss of connectivity was caused by a solar flare. | COULD → The sudden loss of connectivity __ by a solar flare. 4. I regret not buying that new smartphone when it was on sale. | WISH → I __ that new smartphone when it was on sale. 5. It is certain that the hackers found a loophole in the encryption. | HAVE → The hackers __ a loophole in the encryption. 6. It wasn't necessary for them to replace all the servers, but they did it anyway. | NEED → They _____ all the servers, but they did it anyway.

Answer key

  1. innovation
  2. beneficial
  3. automation
  4. inevitable
  5. vulnerability
  6. exposed
  7. revolutionary
  8. subservient
  9. must have forgotten
  10. should not have invested
  11. could have been caused
  12. wish I had bought
  13. must have found
  14. did not need to replace