Grammar Focus
Detailed explanation, examples and controlled practice for the unit grammar point.
Lesson objectives
- Recognise and control Cleft sentences (It is / What I…) for emphasis.
- Notice common errors Spanish-speaking learners make at advanced level.
- Apply the structure in exam-style sentences related to business communication & negotiation.
Explicación (en español)
En el nivel C1 Advanced, la capacidad de enfatizar información clave es fundamental para negociaciones y presentaciones de impacto. Las cleft sentences (frases hendidas o de división) se utilizan para "dividir" una oración simple en dos partes, permitiendo que el hablante dirija la atención del oyente hacia un elemento específico (el sujeto, el objeto o la acción). En lugar de decir simplemente "We need more time", podemos decir "What we need is more time", lo cual suena mucho más profesional y enfocado.
Existen dos tipos principales que utilizaremos en esta unidad. Las It-clefts (comienzan con It is/was...) se usan para enfatizar el sujeto o el objeto de la oración. Por ejemplo, si alguien te pregunta quién firmó el contrato, no dirías simplemente "John signed it", sino "It was John who signed it" (Fue John quien lo firmó). Las Wh-clefts (comienzan con What...) se utilizan para enfatizar una idea completa o una acción. Estas son extremadamente útiles en negociaciones para resaltar requisitos o problemas principales.
Un error muy común entre los hispanohablantes es intentar traducir literalmente estructuras del español. En español, solemos usar "Lo que..." de forma muy libre, pero en inglés, las Wh-clefts deben seguir una estructura gramatical estricta. Otro error típico es olvidar que, en una It-cleft, el verbo principal debe concordar con el elemento enfatizado. Por ejemplo, si enfatizamos "The managers" (plural), el verbo debe ser "are", no "is".
En el contexto de Business Communication, las cleft sentences ayudan a suavizar peticiones o, por el contrario, a marcar límites claros. Usar "What I am suggesting is..." suena mucho más diplomático y estructurado que simplemente lanzar una idea al aire. Dominar estas estructuras te permitirá pasar de un inglés funcional a un inglés persuasivo y de nivel avanzado.
Form — estructura
| Type | Structure | Purpose | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| It-cleft | It + is/was + [emphasized part] + relative pronoun (that/who) | To focus on a specific person or thing. | It was the marketing budget that caused the delay. |
| Wh-cleft | What + clause + is/was + [emphasized part] | To focus on an idea, action, or requirement. | What we need is a more flexible contract. |
| All-cleft | All + clause + is/was + [emphasized part] | To emphasize that there is only one thing. | All they want is a signed agreement. |
Examples
- It was the sudden change in interest rates that affected our investment. (Fue el repentino cambio en los tipos de interés lo que afectó nuestra inversión.)
- What we require is a more detailed breakdown of the costs. (Lo que requerimos es un desglose más detallado de los costes.)
- It is your expertise in international law that makes you the perfect candidate. (Es tu experiencia en derecho internacional lo que te convierte en el candidato perfecto.)
- What I am proposing is a merger between our two departments. (Lo que estoy proponiendo es una fusión entre nuestros dos departamentos.)
- It was not the price, but the delivery time that we found problematic. (No fue el precio, sino el tiempo de entrega lo que nos resultó problemático.)
- All we need to do is reach a consensus on the final terms. (Todo lo que necesitamos hacer es llegar a un consenso sobre los términos finales.)
- What happened during the meeting was a complete misunderstanding of the goals. (Lo que ocurrió durante la reunión fue un malentendido total de los objetivos.)
- It is the quality of the service that distinguishes us from our competitors. (Es la calidad del servicio lo que nos distingue de nuestros competidores.)
Contrast
-
✗ What we need is more employees. / ✓ What we need is to hire more employees. (In Wh-clefts, if you use a verb after 'is', it's better to use the infinitive or a noun phrase to maintain clarity.)
-
✗ It is the CEO he called. / ✓ It is the CEO whom he called. (In formal business English, when emphasizing a person as the object, 'whom' or 'that' is preferred over 'who'.)
-
✗ What I want is to I go to London. / ✓ What I want is to go to London. (Avoid repeating the subject 'I' after the 'is' in a Wh-cleft structure.)
-
✗ It was my colleagues they were arguing with. / ✓ It was my colleagues that they were arguing with. (The relative pronoun 'that' or 'who' is necessary to connect the emphasized part to the rest of the sentence.)
Mini-quiz — 10 preguntas
Part 1: Rewrite the sentences using the prompts provided to emphasize the underlined part.
- The marketing team made this mistake. (Use It was...)
- I only want a clear explanation of the budget. (Use All I want...)
- We need a more competitive price. (Use What we need...)
- The board of directors approved the merger. (Use It was...)
Part 2: Multiple Choice. Choose the correct option (a, b, or c).
-
__ we should focus on is improving customer retention. a) It is b) What c) That
-
It was the lack of communication __ led to the project's failure. a) which b) who c) what
-
What __ is to find a way to reduce overhead costs. a) we need b) is we need c) is needing
Part 3: Fill in the gaps with a suitable word (e.g., is, was, that, what, who).
-
It was during the negotiation __ the deal finally fell through.
-
What I am trying to say __ that we are over budget.
-
It was the legal department __ insisted on these changes.
Respuestas: 1. It was the marketing team that/who made this mistake. 2. All I want is a clear explanation of the budget. 3. What we need is a more competitive price. 4. It was the board of directors that/who approved the merger. 5. b) What 6. a) which 7. a) we need 8. that 9. is 10. that / who