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\begin{unitbox}
{\LARGE\bfseries Open C1 English · Unit 12}\\[2mm]
{\Large Media, Communication \& Influence}\\[2mm]
{\bfseries Grammar:} Future forms (future perfect continuous, be about to)\\
{\bfseries Pronunciation:} Intonation for attitude and emotion\\
{\bfseries Generated:} 2026-04-21 04:55
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\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Study the grammar and vocabulary before attempting the output tasks.
\item Use the public site for audio playback; this PDF is the printable study companion.
\item Mark answers directly on paper, then return to the online lesson for media-rich practice.
\item Keep a separate C1 notebook for rewritten answers, useful collocations and pronunciation notes.
\end{itemize}
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Input: reading, listening and media exposure.\\
Language focus: grammar, vocabulary, idioms and Use of English.\\
Output: writing, speaking, mediation and realistic everyday communication.
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\newpage
\lessonbox{Lesson 1: Introduction}{
\section*{¿De qué va esta unidad?}

En esta unidad, nos adentraremos en el complejo ecosistema de los medios de comunicación, la comunicación digital y el poder de la influencia. En un mundo hiperconectado, no basta con entender lo que se dice; para alcanzar un nivel C1, es crucial comprender las sutilezas detrás del mensaje: la intención, el tono y la capacidad de persuasión. Analizaremos cómo se construye la opinión pública y cómo las nuevas plataformas han transformado nuestra interacción social, un tema recurrente en los textos académicos y de actualidad que encontrarás en el examen de Cambridge.\par

El mayor reto de esta unidad radica en el dominio de la precisión. A nivel avanzado, ya no se trata solo de transmitir información, sino de matizarla. Para ello, trabajaremos con estructuras gramaticales que nos permitan hablar de proyecciones temporales complejas y utilizaremos la entonación para proyectar actitudes específicas (ironía, entusiasmo, escepticismo). Aprenderás a navegar entre el lenguaje formal de la crítica mediática y el lenguaje coloquial de las redes sociales, una dualidad esencial para cualquier profesional o estudiante de nivel avanzado.\par

\section*{Objetivos de aprendizaje}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Reading: Analizar textos periodísticos complejos para identificar la postura del autor y distinguir entre hechos y opiniones.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Listening: Comprender discursos y debates sobre medios de comunicación, captando matices emocionales y actitudes sutiles mediante la entonación.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Grammar: Dominar el uso de los future forms (especialmente el future perfect continuous y be about to) para expresar planes, proyecciones y eventos inminentes con precisión.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Vocabulary \& Idioms: Ampliar el léxico relacionado con la ética periodística, la comunicación digital y la retórica, integrando expresiones idiomáticas naturales.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Writing: Redactar ensayos de opinión y artículos de análisis con una estructura cohesiva y un registro adecuado para el examen C1.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Speaking \& Mediation: Desarrollar la capacidad de argumentar de forma persuasiva y realizar tareas de mediación, resumiendo información de diferentes fuentes para un interlocutor.
\end{itemize}

\section*{Lo que vas a encontrar}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Introduction: Una visión general de los temas clave que conectan la comunicación con el mundo actual.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Grammar: Explicaciones detalladas y ejercicios sobre future forms para proyectar acciones en el tiempo.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Vocabulary: Un despliegue de términos avanzados sobre medios, ética y tecnología.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Idioms: Expresiones idiomáticas esenciales para sonar como un hablante nativo en contextos de debate.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Reading: Textos de nivel C1 diseñados para entrenar la comprensión lectora crítica.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Listening: Audios con diferentes acentos y matices para trabajar la comprensión auditiva avanzada.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Use of English: Prácticas intensivas de transformations, word formation y open cloze enfocadas en el examen.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Writing: Guías paso a paso para producir textos de alta calidad académica y profesional.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Speaking: Simulacros de la parte oral del examen para mejorar la fluidez y la capacidad argumentativa.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Mediation: Ejercicios prácticos para sintetizar y transmitir información de un formato a otro.
\end{itemize}

\section*{Tiempo estimado}

Total: 8 horas\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Introduction: 15 min
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Grammar: 1 hora
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Vocabulary: 45 min
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Idioms: 30 min
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Reading: 1 hora
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Listening: 45 min
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Use of English: 1 hora
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Writing: 1 hora
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Speaking: 1 hora
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Mediation: 45 min
\end{itemize}
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 2: Grammar Focus}{
\section*{Explicación (en español)}

En esta unidad, nos enfocaremos en dos formas avanzadas para hablar del futuro: el Future Perfect Continuous y la expresión be about to. Aunque ambas se refieren a eventos que ocurrirán, su uso depende de si nos centramos en la duración de una acción o en la inmediatez de un evento.\par

El Future Perfect Continuous (will have been + -ing) se utiliza para enfativar la duración de una acción que continuará hasta un punto específico en el futuro. Es una forma de "mirar hacia atrás" desde un momento futuro para resaltar cuánto tiempo ha estado ocurriendo algo. En español, solemamos usar el presente continuo o el futuro simple para expresar ideas similares, lo que puede causar confusión. Por ejemplo, para decir "En diciembre, habré estado trabajando aquí durante diez años", usamos esta estructura para enfatizar la trayectoria.\par

Por otro lado, be about to se utiliza para acciones que están a punto de suceder de forma inminente. Es una forma de expresar inmediatez. Un error común es confundirla con el futuro simple (will). Mientras que will es una predicción o decisión, be about to indica que la acción es casi instantánea.\par

Para los hispanohablantes, el mayor reto es el uso del Future Perfect Continuous. Es común intentar usar el Present Perfect Continuous cuando se habla de una acción que aún no ha terminado, pero si mencionas un punto de referencia futuro (como "next year" o "by 2025"), la estructura de "will have been" es obligatoria en niveles C1. Además, recuerda que los verbos de estado (stative verbs como know, believe, want) no se usan en formas continuas; en esos casos, usarás el Future Perfect Simple.\par

\section*{Form — estructura}

Tense/Structure |\par
Formula |\par
Usage |\par

Future Perfect Continuous |\par
Subject + will have been + verb-ing |\par
To show how long an action has been in progress up to a certain point in the future. |\par

Be about to |\par
Subject + be + about to + infinitive |\par
To describe an action that is going to happen very soon (imminent). |\par

\section*{Examples}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item By next month, the influencer will have been posting daily content for a whole year. (Para el mes que viene, la influencer habrá estado publicando contenido diario durante un año entero).
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Watch out! The news anchor is about to interrupt the live broadcast. (¡Cuidado! El presentador de noticias está a punto de interrumpir la emisión en directo).
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item By the end of this campaign, the agency will have been working on this rebranding for six months. (Al final de esta campaña, la agencia habrá estado trabajando en este cambio de imagen durante seis meses).
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item We are about to launch our new podcast series on Spotify. (Estamos a punto de lanzar nuestra nueva serie de podcasts en Spotify).
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item By 2030, social media companies will have been collecting user data for decades. (Para 2030, las empresas de redes sociales habrán estado recopilando datos de usuarios durante décadas).
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Don't turn off the TV; the documentary is about to start. (No apagues la tele; el documental está a punto de empezar).
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item By midnight, the journalists will have been investigating the scandal for twenty-four hours. (Para la medianoche, los periodistas habrán estado investigando el escándalo durante veinticuatro horas).
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item I was about to send the email when I realised there was a typo. (Estaba a punto de enviar el correo cuando me di cuenta de que había una errata).
\end{itemize}

\section*{Contrast}

-\par
✗ By tomorrow, I will be working here for five years.\par
✓ By tomorrow, I will have been working here for five years.\par
(Error: Se necesita el Future Perfect Continuous para enfatizar la duración acumulada hasta un punto futuro).\par

-\par
✗ The press conference is just to start.\par
✓ The press conference is about to start.\par
(Error: "To start" no indica inmediatez; se debe usar "be about to" para acciones inminentes).\par

-\par
✗ They will have been knowing the truth for a long time by then.\par
✓ They will have known the truth for a long time by then.\par
(Error: "Know" es un stative verb y no puede usarse en la forma continuous).\par

-\par
✗ We will have been going to launch the app soon.\par
✓ We are about to launch the app.\par
(Error: "Will have been going to" es incorrecto para inmediatez; se usa "be about to").\par

\section*{Mini-quiz — 10 preguntas}

Part 1: Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets (Future Perfect Continuous or 'be about to').\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item By the time the documentary ends, we \_\_\_\_\_ (watch) screens for three hours.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Shhh! The president \_\_\_\_\_ (make) his official statement.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item By next year, the journalist \_\_\_\_\_ (investigate) this corruption case for a decade.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item I can't talk right now; I \_\_\_\_\_ (enter) a live interview.
\end{itemize}

Part 2: Multiple Choice\par

-\par
By the end of the week, they \_\_\_\_\_ the new marketing strategy for a month.\par
a) will be about to develop\par
b) will have been developing\par
c) are about to develop\par

-\par
Look at the countdown! The countdown timer reaches zero and the rocket \_\_\_\_\_ launch.\par
a) will have been\par
b) is about to\par
c) will have\par

-\par
In two hours, the bloggers \_\_\_\_\_ their travel vlog for ten hours straight.\par
a) will have been filming\par
b) are about to film\par
c) will be filming\par

Part 3: Sentence Transformation (Rewrite the sentence using the word in bold so that it has a similar meaning).\par

-\par
The film starts in one minute. ABOUT\par
The film \_\_\_\_\_\_ in one minute.\par

-\par
At 5 PM, she will have spent four hours editing the video. BEEN\par
By 5 PM, she \_\_\_\_\_\_ the video for four hours.\par

-\par
We are going to release the new album very soon. ABOUT\par
We \_\_\_\_\_\_ the new album.\par

Respuestas:\par
1. will have been watching\par
2. is about to make\par
3. will have been investigating\par
4. am about to enter\par
5. b\par
6. b\par
7. a\par
8. is about to start\par
9. will have been editing\par
10. are about to release\par
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 3: Vocabulary Lab}{
\section*{Vocabulario C1 — Media, Communication \& Influence}

30 palabras con definición, traducción, ejemplo y audio.\par



\subsection*{disseminate  //}
/dɪˈsem.ɪ.neɪt/v\par
Definition:To spread information, knowledge, or news widely.\par
Traducción:difundir\par
Example:The research institute aims to disseminate its findings via interactive digital platforms in 2025.\par
Collocation:disseminate information\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# empirical  //
\end{itemize}
/ɪmˈpɪr.ɪ.kəl/adj\par
Definition:Based on observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic.\par
Traducción:empírico\par
Example:Journalists must provide empirical evidence to support their investigative reports in the digital age.\par
Collocation:empirical evidence\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# ubiquitous  //
\end{itemize}
/juːˈbɪk.wɪ.təs/adj\par
Definition:Present, appearing, or found everywhere.\par
Traducción:ubicuo / omnipresente\par
Example:The ubiquitous presence of AI-generated news content has changed how we perceive truth.\par
Collocation:ubiquitous presence\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# scrutinise  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈskruː.tɪ.naɪz/v\par
Definition:To examine something very carefully in order to discover or examine mistakes or truths.\par
Traducción:escrutar / examinar minuciosamente\par
Example:Media watchdog groups continue to scrutinise the algorithms used by social networks.\par
Collocation:scrutinise details\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# substantiate  //
\end{itemize}
/səbˈstæn.ʃi.eɪt/v\par
Definition:To provide evidence to support or prove the truth of something.\par
Traducción:sustentar / corroborar\par
Example:It is becoming increasingly difficult to substantiate claims made by anonymous influencers.\par
Collocation:substantiate claims\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# paradigm shift  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈpær.ə.daɪm ʃɪft/n\par
Definition:A fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions.\par
Traducción:cambio de paradigma\par
Example:The rise of decentralised media represents a significant paradigm shift in global communication.\par
Collocation:represent a paradigm shift\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# ambiguous  //
\end{itemize}
/æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/adj\par
Definition:Open to more than one interpretation; not having one obvious meaning.\par
Traducción:ambiguo\par
Example:The politician's ambiguous response left the press corps questioning his true intentions.\par
Collocation:ambiguous wording\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# cogent  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈkoʊ.dʒənt/adj\par
Definition:Clear, logical, and convincing.\par
Traducción:convincente / coherente\par
Example:She presented a cogent argument regarding the ethics of deepfake technology.\par
Collocation:cogent argument\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# manifest  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈmæn.ɪ.fe.st/v\par
Definition:To show something clearly, through signs or actions.\par
Traducción:manifestar\par
Example:Societal tensions often manifest through viral social media trends.\par
Collocation:manifest itself\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# pervasive  //
\end{itemize}
/pəˈveɪ.sɪv/adj\par
Definition:Spreading widely throughout an area or a group of people.\par
Traducción:omnipresente / generalizado\par
Example:The pervasive influence of targeted advertising affects consumer behaviour globally.\par
Collocation:pervasive influence\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# leverage  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈlev.ər.ɪdʒ/v\par
Definition:To use something to maximum advantage.\par
Traducción:aprovechar / potenciar\par
Example:Brands must learn how to leverage data analytics to maintain engagement in 2026.\par
Collocation:leverage resources\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# consensus  //
\end{itemize}
/kənˈsen.səs/n\par
Definition:A general agreement.\par
Traducción:consenso\par
Example:There is no consensus among experts regarding the regulation of AI-generated media.\par
Collocation:reach a consensus\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# disruptive  //
\end{itemize}
/dɪsˈrʌp.tɪv/adj\par
Definition:Causing radical change in an industry or strategy.\par
Traducción:disruptivo\par
Example:The company introduced a disruptive technology that changed how we consume podcasts.\par
Collocation:disruptive technology\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# collaborate  //
\end{itemize}
/kəˈlæb.ə.reɪt/v\par
Definition:To work jointly on an activity or project.\par
Traducción:colaborar\par
Example:Influencers often collaborate with brands to reach niche audiences.\par
Collocation:collaborate closely\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# strategic  //
\end{itemize}
/strəˈtiː.dʒɪk/adj\par
Definition:Relating to the identification of long-term or overall aims and interests.\par
Traducción:estratégico\par
Example:The media house developed a strategic plan to transition to fully virtual studios.\par
Collocation:strategic planning\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# clickbait  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈklɪk.beɪt/n\par
Definition:Content whose main purpose is to attract attention and encourage visitors to click on a link.\par
Traducción:clickbait / contenido engañoso\par
Example:Readers are becoming increasingly wary of sensationalist clickbait on news feeds.\par
Collocation:sensationalist clickbait\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# viral  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈvaɪ.rəl/adj\par
Definition:An image, video, or piece of information that is circulated rapidly and widely via the internet.\par
Traducción:viral\par
Example:The video went viral overnight, reaching millions of viewers across the globe.\par
Collocation:go viral\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# echo chamber  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈek.oʊ ˌtʃeɪm.bər/n\par
Definition:An environment where a person only encounters information or opinions that reflect and reinforce their own.\par
Traducción:cámara de eco\par
Example:Social media algorithms often trap users in an echo chamber, limiting diverse perspectives.\par
Collocation:trapped in an echo chamber\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# cancel culture  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈkæn.səl ˌkʌl.tʃər/n\par
Definition:The practice of withdrawing support for public figures after they have done something considered objectionable.\par
Traducción:cultura de la cancelación\par
Example:Debates regarding cancel culture continue to polarise public opinion on social platforms.\par
Collocation:the rise of cancel culture\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# algorithm  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈæl.ɡə.rɪ.ðəm/n\par
Definition:A process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations, especially by a computer.\par
Traducción:algoritmo\par
Example:The algorithm determines which content appears at the top of your feed.\par
Collocation:complex algorithm\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# hype  //
\end{itemize}
/haɪp/n\par
Definition:Extravagant publicity or exaggerated claims.\par
Traducción:hype / bombo publicitario\par
Example:Despite all the hype, the new VR headset failed to meet consumer expectations.\par
Collocation:media hype\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# nuance  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈnuː.ɑːns/n\par
Definition:A subtle difference in or shade of meaning, expression, or sound.\par
Traducción:matiz\par
Example:In short-form video content, it is often difficult to convey nuance.\par
Collocation:subtle nuance\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# engagement  //
\end{itemize}
/ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ.mənt/n\par
Definition:The level of interaction (likes, comments, shares) that content receives.\par
Traducción:interacción / compromiso\par
Example:The influencer's engagement rate dropped after they posted controversial content.\par
Collocation:high engagement\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# misinformation  //
\end{itemize}
/ˌmɪs.ˌɪn.fəˈmeɪ.ʃən/n\par
Definition:False or inaccurate information that is spread, regardless of intent to deceive.\par
Traducción:desinformación\par
Example:Combatting misinformation is one of the greatest challenges for digital media in 2025.\par
Collocation:spread misinformation\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# authenticity  //
\end{itemize}
/ˌɑː.θenˈtɪs.ə.ti/n\par
Definition:The quality of being real or genuine.\par
Traducción:autenticidad\par
Example:Audiences in 2026 value authenticity over highly polished, artificial content.\par
Collocation:maintain authenticity\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# outrage  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈaʊt.reɪdʒ/n\par
Definition:An extremely strong reaction of anger, shock, or indignation.\par
Traducción:indignación / indignación\par
Example:The celebrity's comments sparked widespread outrage on X (formerly Twitter).\par
Collocation:spark outrage\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# streamline  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈstriːm.laɪn/v\par
Definition:To make an organization or system more efficient and effective.\par
Traducción:optimizar / agilizar\par
Example:The news agency decided to streamline its production process using AI tools.\par
Collocation:streamline processes\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# biased  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈbaɪ.əst/adj\par
Definition:Unfairly prejudiced for or against someone or something.\par
Traducción:sesgado / parcial\par
Example:Critics argued that the news report was heavily biased towards the government.\par
Collocation:heavily biased\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# reach  //
\end{itemize}
/riːtʃ/n\par
Definition:The total number of different people who see your content.\par
Traducción:alcance\par
Example:The campaign achieved a massive reach through targeted social media ads.\par
Collocation:vast reach\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# vlog  //
\end{itemize}
/vlɒɡ/n\par
Definition:A personal website or social media account where a person regularly posts short videos.\par
Traducción:vlog\par
Example:Her daily vlog has become a staple of lifestyle content in 2026.\par
Collocation:post a vlog\par

-\par
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 4: Idioms \& Natural Expressions}{
\section*{Idioms \& expressions — Media, Communication \& Influence}



\subsection*{To cut through the noise  ·  neutral}
neutral\par
Meaning:To succeed in being heard or noticed amidst a large amount of competing information or distractions.\par
Significado:Destacar o hacerse oír entre un mar de información o distracciones.\par
Example:With so many influencers posting daily, it is becoming increasingly difficult for new brands to cut through the noise.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# To be caught in an echo chamber  ·  neutral
\end{itemize}
neutral\par
Meaning:To be in a situation where you only encounter information or opinions that reflect and reinforce your own.\par
Significado:Estar atrapado en una cámara de eco (solo escuchar opiniones que refuerzan las propias).\par
Example:Social media algorithms often trap users in an echo chamber, making it hard to see the full picture.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# To go viral  ·  informal
\end{itemize}
formal\par
Meaning:To become extremely popular very quickly via the internet.\par
Significado:Hacerse viral.\par
Example:The journalist's investigative report went viral overnight, sparking a global debate on privacy.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# To read between the lines  ·  neutral
\end{itemize}
neutral\par
Meaning:To understand the hidden meaning in something that is said or written.\par
Significado:Leer entre líneas.\par
Example:The CEO didn't say there would be layoffs, but if you read between the lines, the message was clear.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# To spin a narrative  ·  formal
\end{itemize}
formal\par
Meaning:To present information in a particular way to influence how people perceive it.\par
Significado:Manipular la narrativa / dar un enfoque específico a una historia.\par
Example:The PR team worked tirelessly to spin a narrative that would protect the company's reputation during the scandal.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# To be in the loop  ·  neutral
\end{itemize}
neutral\par
Meaning:To be kept informed about a specific situation or project.\par
Significado:Estar al tanto / estar en el círculo de información.\par
Example:Please ensure all department heads are kept in the loop regarding the new communication protocols.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# To touch base  ·  neutral
\end{itemize}
neutral\par
Meaning:To briefly contact someone to update them or check progress.\par
Significado:Ponerse en contacto brevemente / hacer un seguimiento.\par
Example:I'll touch base with the marketing team tomorrow to see how the campaign launch is progressing.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# To prompt-engineer a response  ·  informal
\end{itemize}
formal\par
Meaning:To carefully craft a message or instruction to get a specific result from an AI or a person.\par
Significado:Diseñar una respuesta mediante ingeniería de prompts (ajustar el mensaje para obtener un resultado específico).\par
Example:In our new workflow, we spend more time learning how to prompt-engineer a response than actually writing the content.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# To be algorithmically driven  ·  formal
\end{itemize}
formal\par
Meaning:To be controlled or heavily influenced by automated computer processes and data.\par
Significado:Estar dirigido/controlado por algoritmos.\par
Example:Many creators feel that their creative freedom is being limited because they are so algorithmically driven.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# To deepfake a reality  ·  neutral
\end{itemize}
neutral\par
Meaning:To create a false sense of truth or a fabricated situation using advanced digital tools.\par
Significado:Fabricar una realidad (mediante manipulación digital/IA).\par
Example:The rise of generative AI makes it terrifyingly easy for bad actors to deepfake a reality that fools the public.\par

-\par
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 5: Reading Practice}{
\section*{Unit 12: Media, Communication \& Influence}

\subsection*{\#\#\# The Algorithmic Echo: Reclaiming Truth in the Age of Synthetic Media}

In the mid-2020s, the concept of a "shared reality" has become increasingly fragile. As we navigate the complexities of a hyper-connected world, the line between authentic human expression and sophisticatedly engineered synthetic content has blurred to the point of invisibility. We no longer merely consume media; we inhabit digital ecosystems designed to reinforce our existing biases through seamless, algorithmic precision.\par

The rise of generative AI has fundamentally altered the landscape of influence. In previous decades, the gatekeepers of information were editors, journalists, and broadcasters. While these institutions were often criticised for their own biases, they provided a baseline of editorial accountability. Today, the gatekeepers are opaque algorithms, prioritising engagement over veracity. This shift has created a feedback loop where sensationalism is rewarded, and nuance is often lost in the pursuit of 'clicks'. Consequently, the public is frequently trapped in echo chambers, where every piece of information serves only to validate a pre-existing worldview.\par

Furthermore, the advent of deepfake technology has introduced a profound level of skepticism into our daily discourse. When video and audio can be convincingly fabricated, the very foundation of visual evidence begins to crumble. This 'liar’s dividend'—a phenomenon where individuals can dismiss genuine evidence as fake—poses a significant threat to democratic processes. If nothing can be proven true, then nothing can be held to account. This erosion of trust extends beyond politics into the realms of social influence and personal relationships, making it increasingly difficult to establish common ground.\par

However, it is not merely the technology that is at fault; it is our psychological vulnerability to it. Humans are evolutionarily predisposed to seek out information that confirms our beliefs, a tendency that digital platforms exploit with surgical efficiency. The dopamine hit of being 'right' often outweighs the intellectual rigour required to be 'accurate'. As we move further into this era of synthetic influence, the challenge is no longer just about detecting falsehoods, but about cultivating a new kind of digital literacy.\par

To combat this, a multi-faceted approach is required. Regulators are grappling with how to oversee AI without stifling innovation, while tech giants face mounting pressure to implement transparency standards. Yet, the most critical shift must occur at the individual level. We must develop a healthy scepticism and a commitment to cross-referencing information. The goal is not to become cynics who believe nothing, but to become critical thinkers who demand more.\par

As we look toward the future, the battle for influence will be fought not just in the streets, but in the code. The ability to distinguish between a manufactured consensus and a genuine collective voice will be the defining skill of the 21st century.\par

\subsection*{Comprehension — Multiple Choice}

1. What is the writer's main point in the first paragraph?\par
A. The digital world has become too complex to understand.\par
B. The distinction between reality and artificiality is fading.\par
C. Human expression is being replaced by machines.\par
D. We have lost the ability to communicate effectively.\par

2. How does the author view the role of traditional gatekeepers?\par
A. They were perfect arbiters of truth in the past.\par
B. They were flawed but provided a necessary level of responsibility.\par
C. They have been entirely replaced by more efficient systems.\par
D. They were the primary cause of the current misinformation crisis.\par

3. What does the term 'liar’s dividend' imply in the third paragraph?\par
A. People can use the existence of fakes to escape accountability.\par
B. It is becoming easier to make money from fake news.\par
C. Deepfakes are more convincing than traditional media.\par
D. Democracy is being destroyed by the pursuit of profit.\par

4. According to the text, why are humans susceptible to algorithmic influence?\par
A. Because the technology is too advanced to resist.\par
B. Because we lack the necessary digital literacy.\par
C. Because of our natural psychological inclination toward confirmation.\par
D. Because we are addicted to the dopamine released by social media.\par

5. What does the author suggest regarding the responsibility for solving the crisis?\par
A. It lies solely with government regulators and tech companies.\par
B. It requires a combination of systemic changes and individual effort.\par
C. It is impossible to solve due to the nature of human evolution.\par
|D. The focus should be entirely on technological innovation.\par

6. What is the overall tone of the passage?\par
A. Alarmist and pessimistic about the future of technology.\par
B. Dismissive of the impact of AI on modern communication.\par
C. Analytical and cautionary regarding the shift in media dynamics.\par
D. Optimistic that technology will eventually solve these issues.\par

\subsection*{Gapped Text — Missing Sentences}

Instructions: Choose the correct sentence (A-E) to fill the gaps in the text. One sentence is a distractor.\par

A. This shift has created a feedback loop where sensationalism is rewarded, and nuance is often lost in the pursuit of 'clicks'.\par
B. This erosion of trust extends beyond politics into the realms of social influence and personal relationships, making it increasingly difficult to establish common ground.\par
C. The goal is not to become cynics who believe nothing, but to become critical thinkers who demand more.\par
D. This 'liar’s dividend'—a phenomenon where individuals can dismiss genuine evidence as fake—poses a significant threat to democratic processes.\par
E. The ability to distinguish between a manufactured consensus and a genuine collective voice will be the defining skill of the 21st century.\par

\subsection*{Glossary}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Fragile (adj) — Frágil
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Seamless (adj) — Fluido / sin interrupciones
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Veracity (n) — Veracidad
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Nuance (n) — Matiz
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Skepticism (n) — Escepticismo
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Vulnerability (n) — Vulnerabilidad
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Rigour (n) — Rigor
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Sovereignty (n) — Soberanía (Note: used contextually as authority/control)
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Answers}

Comprehension\par
1. B\par
2. B\par
3. A\par
4. C\par
5. B\par
6. C\par

Gapped Text (Mapping to original text structure)\par
Note to learner: In a real exam, you would match these to the gaps. Based on the text provided:\par
1. (Paragraph 2) -> A\par
2. (Paragraph 3) -> D\par
3. (Paragraph 3/4 transition) -> B\par
4. (Paragraph 4) -> C (Distractor is E)\par

(Self-Correction for teacher: In the provided text, the sentences were integrated. To use this for a student, you would remove them from the text and ask them to re-insert them.)\par
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 6: Listening Lab}{
\section*{The Invisible Hand: Digital Influence and Ethics}

Esta actividad de comprensión auditiva se divide en tres partes para poner a prueba tu capacidad de entender detalles, completar información y captar ideas abstractas. Escucha atentamente el audio para responder a las preguntas de opción múltiple, completar las frases y seleccionar la respuesta correcta según el nivel C1.\par

\subsection*{Part 1 — Conversation (questions 1–6)}

\# |\par
Question |\par
Options |\par

1 |\par
What is the primary concern expressed by the first speaker regarding targeted advertising? |\par
The high cost of the products being advertised.  /  The feeling that their privacy is being invaded by mind-reading technology.  /  The technical difficulty of managing social media feeds.  /  The lack of variety in the products being shown. |\par

2 |\par
How does the second speaker describe 'choice architecture'? |\par
A malicious attempt to trick consumers into buying useless goods.  /  A way to make shopping more efficient and faster.  /  A method where the presentation of options subtly guides decisions.  /  A legal framework designed to protect consumer rights. |\par

3 |\par
What does the first speaker suggest is a major risk of algorithmic content delivery? |\par
The loss of human agency and independent decision-making.  /  The increased cost of digital advertising for small businesses.  /  The technical failure of social media platforms.  /  The difficulty of finding relevant content. |\par

4 |\par
According to the speakers, what is the 'echo chamber' effect? |\par
A situation where users are constantly bombarded with loud advertisements.  /  A feedback loop where users only encounter content that reinforces their own views.  /  A technical glitch that repeats the same advertisements.  /  A way for users to communicate with people who have different opinions. |\par

5 |\par
What is the 'societal implication' mentioned by the first speaker? |\par
The potential for a complete economic collapse due to digital marketing.  /  The difficulty of maintaining meaningful public discourse in digital silos.  /  The rise in global internet usage among older generations.  /  The disappearance of traditional physical marketplaces. |\par

6 |\par
What solution do the speakers agree is necessary to combat these issues? |\par
To stop using social media entirely to avoid manipulation.  /  To develop a higher level of digital literacy.  /  To ban all forms of targeted advertising globally.  /  To increase the amount of data collected for better accuracy. |\par

\subsection*{Part 2 — Monologue: sentence completion (questions 7–12)}

Complete each sentence with 1–3 words from the recording.\par

1.  The speakers discuss the fine line between helpfulness and \_\_\_\_\_\_.\par

2.  The way options are presented can \_\_\_\_\_\_ our decisions.\par

3.  The speakers are concerned about the lack of \_\_\_\_\_\_ regarding data usage.\par

4.  Algorithms create a feedback loop that results in \_\_\_\_\_\_.\par

5.  The speakers suggest we need to be an \_\_\_\_\_\_ rather than a passive consumer.\par

6.  The speakers believe it is a \_\_\_\_\_\_ task to navigate the digital world.\par

\subsection*{Part 3 — Panel discussion (questions 13–18)}

13. How does the narrator distinguish between overt advertising and modern influence?\par
\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Overt advertising is more expensive, while modern influence is free.
\item Modern influence is more insidious because it is subtle and often invisible.
\item Overt advertising is more effective at changing consumer behaviour.
\item Modern influence is only found in social media, not in traditional media.
\end{itemize}

14. What is the definition of a 'nudge' in behavioural economics?\par
\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item A forced change in behaviour through economic penalties.
\item A way to influence behaviour without removing options or incentives.
\item A method of strictly regulating consumer choices.
\item A technique used to increase the speed of digital transactions.
\end{itemize}

15. What are 'dark patterns' in user interface design?\par
\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Designs that are visually appealing but hard to navigate.
\item Tools used to protect user privacy and data.
\item Designs crafted to trick users into unintended actions.
\item Advanced algorithms that predict user needs accurately.
\end{itemize}

16. Why is the precision of modern hyper-personalised influence considered unprecedented?\par
\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Because it uses data to create psychological profiles of individuals.
\item Because it allows companies to target every person on earth at once.
\item Because it is much faster than traditional marketing methods.
\item Because it is based on real-time emotional tracking through hardware.
\end{itemize}

17. What ethical dilemma does the narrator raise regarding 'nudging'?\par
\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Whether companies should be allowed to make any profit from data.
\item Whether subtle influence undermines individual autonomy and free will.
\item Whether the internet should be free for all citizens.
\item Whether digital literacy should be taught in schools.
\end{itemize}

18. What is the narrator's final recommendation for navigating the digital landscape?\par
\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item To avoid using technology to preserve our personal agency.
\item To advocate for greater transparency and ethical design standards.
\item To demand that all algorithms be made public knowledge.
\item To focus solely on using technology for economic growth.
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Vocabulario clave}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Uncanny — extraño / misterioso  - Agency — capacidad de actuar / autonomía  - Crux — el quid de la cuestión / el punto crucial  - Insidious — insidioso / engañoso  - Pervasive — omnipresente / generalizado  - Daunting — abrumador / desalentador  - To sway — influir / inclinar  - To foster — fomentar / promover  \#\#\# Respuestas
\end{itemize}

Part 1: 1. A  ·  2. A  ·  3. A  ·  4. A  ·  5. D  ·  6. D\par
Part 2: 1. blatant manipulation  ·  2. subtly steer  ·  3. transparency  ·  4. digital silos  ·  5. active participant  ·  6. daunting\par
Part 3: 13. D  ·  14. A  ·  15. D  ·  16. B  ·  17. B  ·  18. A\par

\subsection*{Transcript}

Ver transcript completo\par

SEGMENT 1 — CONVERSATION\par

Speaker 1: So, I was scrolling through my feed this morning, and I couldn't help but feel a bit overwhelmed by the sheer amount of targeted advertising. It’s almost like they’re reading my mind, isn't it?\par

Speaker 2: It’s uncanny, isn't it? I mean, I was just talking about buying a new espresso machine, and lo and behold, my entire social media feed was suddenly saturated with high-end coffee makers. It feels a bit intrusive, if I’m honest.\par

Speaker 1: Exactly! It’s that fine line between helpfulness and, well, blatant manipulation. I suppose it’s all down to the algorithms, but sometimes it feels like we're losing our agency. Like, are we actually making choices, or are we just being nudged into them by a piece of code?\par

Speaker 2: That’s a profound way of putting it. It’s the concept of 'choice architecture,' isn't it? The way options are presented to us can subtly steer our decisions without us even realising it. It’s not necessarily malicious, but it is certainly influential.\par

Speaker 1: But isn't that the whole point of marketing? To influence? I suppose my concern is more about the lack of transparency. We don't really know how these profiles are being built or how much data is being harvested to create these hyper-targeted campaigns.\par

Speaker 2: True. And there's the issue of the 'echo chamber' effect. Because the algorithms want to keep us engaged, they tend to feed us content that aligns with our existing beliefs. It creates this feedback loop where we’re rarely challenged by opposing viewpoints.\par

Speaker 1: Right, so we end up in these digital silos. It’s quite worrying when you think about the broader societal implications. If we're only ever hearing what we want to hear, how can we have meaningful public discourse?\par

Speaker 2: That’s the crux of the matter. It’s not just about consumerism; it’s about how our perception of reality is being shaped. I mean, I'm not saying we should ditch social media entirely, but we definitely need to be more critical of the media we consume.\par

Speaker 1: I couldn't agree more. We need to develop a higher level of digital literacy. It’s no longer enough to just consume content; we need to understand the mechanisms behind it.\par

Speaker 2: Precisely. It's about being an active participant rather than a passive consumer. It’s a daunting task, but I suppose it's necessary in this day and age.\par

SEGMENT 2 — MONOLOGUE\par

Narrator: Welcome back to 'The Digital Pulse.' Today, we're delving into a topic that's increasingly relevant to our daily lives: the power of subtle influence in the digital age. We often talk about overt advertising—those loud, flashy commercials that demand our attention—but much of the influence we encounter today is far more insidious. It’s subtle, it’s pervasive, and often, it’s entirely invisible to the naked eye.\par

Narrator: This brings us to the concept of 'nudging.' In behavioural economics, a nudge is a way of influencing people's behaviour in a predictable way without forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives. In the digital realm, this manifests through user interface design, notification patterns, and the algorithmic curation of content. For instance, the way a 'subscribe' button is highlighted or how a 'recommended for you' section is structured can significantly sway our decisions. While these might seem like minor tweaks, when applied at scale to billions of users, the cumulative effect is immense.\par

Narrator: However, we must ask ourselves: at what point does a nudge cross the line into manipulation? There is a distinction between guiding a user towards a more efficient experience and exploiting psychological vulnerabilities to drive engagement or consumption. For example, using 'dark patterns'—user interface designs crafted to trick users into doing things they didn't intend to do, like signing up for a recurring subscription—is widely considered unethical. It's a predatory use of design that undermines user autonomy.\par

Narrator: Furthermore, the data-driven nature of modern communication means that these influences are no longer one-size-fits-all. They are hyper-personalised. Through the vast amounts of data collected on our browsing habits, preferences, and even our emotional states, companies can tailor their influence to the individual. This level of precision is unprecedented. It allows for a degree of psychological profiling that was previously the stuff of science fiction.\par

Narrigntor: This raises significant ethical questions regarding privacy, autonomy, and the very nature of free will. If our choices are being subtly steered by invisible forces, can we truly claim to be making independent decisions? As we navigate this increasingly complex digital landscape, it is imperative that we cultivate a critical awareness. We must understand the tools being used to influence us and advocate for greater transparency and ethical standards in digital design. The goal isn't to avoid technology, but to engage with it in a way that preserves our agency and fosters a healthy, informed society.\par

SEGMENT 3 — PANEL DISCUSSION\par

Speaker 1: Welcome to our final segment. We've been discussing the ethics of digital influence, and now we have our panel here to debate the potential for regulation. Joining us are Dr. Aris, a media psychologist, and Sarah, a digital rights activist. Dr. Aris, let's start with you. Is regulation even feasible given the sheer scale of the internet?\par

Speaker 2: Well, it's certainly a monumental task, I'll grant you that. But 'impossible' is a word we shouldn't use lightly. We regulate almost every other industry—finance, pharmaceuticals, aviation—and we do it to protect the public. Why should the digital sphere be any different? The key lies in creating frameworks that are flexible enough to adapt to rapid technological shifts, while still providing clear, enforceable rules.\par

Speaker 3: I have to jump in here. While I understand the argument for regulation, we must be incredibly careful about who gets to set the rules. There's a real risk that heavy-handed regulation could be used by governments to stifle dissent or control the flow of information. We've seen how 'fake news' laws can be weaponized in certain parts of the world.\par

Speaker 1: That's a valid concern, Sarah. But how do we strike a balance? How do we protect users from predatory practices without infringing on freedom of speech?\par

Speaker 2: That's the million-dollar question, isn't it? I would argue that regulation should focus on transparency and accountability rather than content control. For instance, we could mandate that companies clearly disclose when they are using certain types of algorithmic manipulation or when content is being sponsored. We could also demand greater transparency regarding data usage and how it informs these targeted interventions.\par

Speaker 3: Transparency is a good starting point, certainly. But transparency alone might not be enough. If a company is transparent about its manipulative tactics, but those tactics are still incredibly effective, people might still fall victim to them. We need more than just disclosure; we need actual guardrails. This could include banning certain 'dark patterns' entirely or setting limits on how much personal data can be used for psychological profiling.\par

Speaker 1: So, we're looking at a tension between individual liberty and collective protection. It seems there's no easy answer.\par

Speaker 2: No, there certainly isn't. But we can't afford to remain passive. The landscape is changing so rapidly that if we don't establish some ground rules now, we might find ourselves in a position where the damage is much harder to undo.\par

Speaker 3: I agree that we can't be passive. But I also believe that the solution lies in a combination of regulation and education. We need to empower individuals with the tools and knowledge to navigate the digital world critically. Regulation can provide the framework, but education provides the ultimate defense.\par

Speaker 1: A compelling point to end on. Thank you both for this enlightening discussion. It's clear that the conversation around media influence is far from over.\par
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 7: Use of English}{
Unit 12: Media, Communication \& Influence\par

\section*{Part 1 — Word formation}

Instructions: Read the text below. Use the word in CAPITALS at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line.\par

The digital age has brought about a complete \_ of how we consume news. In the past, journalists were seen as the sole providers of information, but now, the \_ of social media has democratised the news cycle. However, this has also led to the \_ of misinformation, making it difficult to distinguish fact from fiction. Some argue that the \_ of celebrity culture has skewed our perception of reality, prioritising entertainment over substance.\par

Furthermore, the \_ of constant connectivity can lead to mental fatigue. Many users feel an \_ to check their feeds every few minutes, often feeling overwhelmed by the \_ of information available at any given moment. This constant stream of data can be \_ for those unable to filter what is truly relevant.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item REVOLUTION
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item RISE
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item SPREAD
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item DOMINANCE
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item PRESSURE
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item IRRESISTIBLE
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item OVERWHELMING
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item DISORIENTATING
\end{itemize}

\section*{Part 2 — Key word transformations}

Instructions: Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and five words, including the word given.\par
1. I am almost certain that the press conference is going to start in a few seconds. BE\par
→ The press conference \_\_\_\_ start.\par
2. By next year, she will have been working as a political commentator for a decade. WORK\par
→ By next year, she \_\_\_ as a political commentator for ten years.\par
3. I can't believe that the documentary is finally coming out tomorrow. ABOUT\par
→ The documentary \_\_ tomorrow.\par
4. We will have reached the end of the broadcast by the time you arrive. FINISH\par
→ By the time you arrive, the broadcast \_\_.\par
5. The journalist was on the verge of resigning when she received the award. POINT\par
→ The journalist was \_\_ resigning when she received the award.\par
6. I'll have been living in London for five years by the end of this month. LIVE\par
→ By the end of this month, I \_\_\_\_\_ in London for five years.\par

\section*{Answer key}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item revolution
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item rise
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item spread
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item dominance
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item pressure
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item irresistible
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item overwhelming
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item disorientating
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item is about to
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item will have been working
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item is about to
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item will have finished
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item at the point of
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item will have been living
\end{itemize}
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 8: Writing Workshop}{
\section*{Unit 12: Media, Communication \& Influence}

\section*{Writing Task: The Review}

\section*{Task (Cambridge C1 Advanced, Part 2)}

Instructions:\par
You have seen the following task in a magazine for young professionals:\par

RE-THINKING THE MEDIA\par

In an age of constant digital noise, many people find it difficult to distinguish between genuine journalism and mere entertainment. We are looking for reviews of books, documentaries, or podcasts that explore the impact of modern communication on society. Your review should evaluate how effectively the media piece conveys its message and whether it is worth the audience's time.\par

Write your review.\par

Word count: 220–260 words.\par

\section*{Tips (en español)}

Para este tipo of task, sigue estas estrategias para asegurar una calificación alta:\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Structure: Divide el texto en 4 párrafos: 1. Introducción (contexto y título), 2. Resumen del contenido (sin spoilers), 3. Evaluación crítica (lo bueno y lo malo), 4. Conclusión y recomendación final.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Register: Mantén un tono semi-formal o formal. Aunque es una reseña, evita el lenguaje coloquial excesivo (slang), pero permite cierta personalidad para mantener el interés del lector.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Linking: No uses solo "and" o "but". Utiliza conectores de contraste y de énfasis para que el flujo de ideas sea natural y sofisticado.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Hedging (Cautela): En el nivel C1, evita afirmaciones absolutas como "It is bad". Usa lenguaje matizado como "It could be argued that..." o "The documentary occasionally falls into the trap of...".
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Evaluación de ideas: No te limites a decir si te gustó o no. Analiza el impacto, el estilo y la relevancia del contenido respecto al tema de la comunicación.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Time management: Dedica 5 minutos a planificar el esquema, 35 minutos a escribir y los últimos 10 minutos a revisar errores gramaticales y de ortografía.
\end{itemize}

\section*{Useful language}

\# |\par
Expression |\par
Español |\par
Audio |\par

1 |\par
What immediately stands out is... |\par
Lo que destaca enseguida es... |\par
|\par

2 |\par
At first glance, the scene appears to... |\par
A primera vista, la escena parece... |\par
|\par

3 |\par
Whereas the first image suggests..., the second one points to... |\par
Mientras que la primera imagen sugiere..., la segunda apunta a... |\par
|\par

4 |\par
There is a striking contrast between... and... |\par
Hay un contraste marcado entre... y... |\par
|\par

5 |\par
The people seem to be dealing with... |\par
Las personas parecen estar lidiando con... |\par
|\par

6 |\par
It is highly likely that... |\par
Es muy probable que... |\par
|\par

7 |\par
One could infer that... |\par
Se podría inferir que... |\par
|\par

8 |\par
This might reflect a broader issue: ... |\par
Esto podría reflejar un problema más amplio: ... |\par
|\par

9 |\par
Although the setting is different, both images convey... |\par
Aunque el contexto es distinto, ambas imágenes transmiten... |\par
|\par

10 |\par
The overall impression is one of... |\par
La impresión general es de... |\par
|\par

11 |\par
This would be a useful example of... |\par
Esto sería un ejemplo útil de... |\par
|\par

12 |\par
I would argue that the second image feels more... |\par
Diría que la segunda imagen resulta más... |\par
|\par

\section*{Model answer}

Review: The Filter Bubble – A Digital Wake-up Call\par

In an era dominated by algorithmic curation, the documentary The Filter Bubble offers a profound exploration of how digital communication shapes our perception of reality. Directed by Elena Rossi, the film examines the dangerous echo chambers created by social media platforms.\par

The documentary begins by tracing the evolution of news consumption, moving from traditional journalism to the fragmented landscape of the digital age. It effectively illustrates how algorithms prioritise engagement over accuracy, often trapping users in ideological silos. While the pacing is occasionally slow, the visual metaphors used to represent data flows are nothing short of brilliant.\par

However, the film is not without its flaws. At times, the narrative becomes somewhat repetitive, reiterating points that have already been established. Furthermore, it occasionally leans towards a pessimistic tone, failing to provide sufficient solutions to the problems it highlights. Nevertheless, these minor shortcomings do not detract from the overall impact of the message.\par

Ultimately, The Filter Bubble is a thought-provoking piece that challenges the viewer to question their own digital habits. It strikes a perfect balance between technical analysis and social commentary, making complex concepts accessible to a general audience. Despite its slightly heavy-handed approach at times, it is a compelling watch for anyone concerned with the future of truth in the digital age. I would highly recommend it to those seeking to understand the invisible forces shaping our modern discourse.\par

\section*{Marking checklist}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Content: ¿Has respondido a todas las partes de la tarea? (¿Has evaluado la efectividad y si vale la pena el tiempo del espectador?).
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Communicative Achievement: ¿El tono es apropiado para una revista de profesionales? ¿El lenguaje es persuasivo y mantiene el interés?
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Organisation: ¿El texto está organizado de forma lógica con párrafos claros y conectores que guían al lector?
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Language: ¿Has utilizado vocabulario avanzado (C1) y estructuras gramaticales complejas (pasivas, condicionales, inversiones) sin errores que impidan la comunicación?
\end{itemize}

\section*{Vocabulario para Writing \& Speaking}

Expression |\par
Español |\par
Useful C1 example |\par

media literacy |\par
alfabetización mediática |\par
Media literacy helps people evaluate sources. |\par

public opinion |\par
opinión pública |\par
Public opinion can shift rapidly. |\par

misleading information |\par
información engañosa |\par
Misleading information spreads quickly online. |\par

to shape perceptions |\par
moldear percepciones |\par
Headlines shape perceptions. |\par

a reliable source |\par
fuente fiable |\par
A reliable source should be transparent. |\par

digital communication |\par
comunicación digital |\par
Digital communication can lack nuance. |\par

to verify information |\par
verificar información |\par
Readers should verify information before sharing it. |\par

social influence |\par
influencia social |\par
Social influence affects consumer choices. |\par
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 9: Speaking Lab}{
\section*{Speaking — describe \& compare}

Compara estas dos imágenes. En tu respuesta, debes describir las diferencias en los métodos de comunicación y la naturaleza de la interacción social. Debes también responder a la pregunta: ¿Qué impacto crees que tiene el uso de la tecnología en la calidad de nuestras relaciones personales? Habla durante aproximadamente dos minutos.\par

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.82\linewidth]{\detokenize{/Users/c/c1-run/public/generated/images/unit-12-speaking-speaking.png}}\\[1mm]
{\small speaking}
\end{center}

\subsection*{Useful phrases}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item In the first image, it appears as though... — En la primera imagen, parece como si...  - The two scenes stand in stark contrast to one another. — Las dos escenas contrastan fuertemente entre sí.  - While the first depicts isolation, the second suggests... — Mientras que la primera representa el aislamiento, la segunda sugiere...  - One could argue that the digital medium leads to... — Se podría argumentar que el medio digital conduce a...  - There is a palpable sense of... — Hay una sensación palpable de...  - In much the same way, the second photo illustrates... — De la misma manera, la segunda foto ilustra...  - It is highly likely that the subject is feeling... — Es muy probable que el sujeto se sienta...  - Conversely, the second scene conveys a sense of... — Por el contrario, la segunda escena transmite una sensación de...  - The visual cues suggest that... — Las pistas visuales sugieren que...  - This stands in direct opposition to... — Esto se opone directamente a...  - It is arguably the case that... — Podría decirse que...  - The contrast between the two is quite striking. — El contraste entre las dos es bastante llamativo.  \#\#\# Pronunciación
\end{itemize}

Para alcanzar un nivel C1, utiliza la entonación para transmitir matices. Cuando compares situaciones opuestas, usa una entonación descendente para enfatizar la finalidad de una idea y una entonación ascendente para crear suspense o mostrar duda al especular. Evita un tono monótono; la entonación debe reflejar tu actitud (por ejemplo, usa un tono más suave para hablar de aislamiento y uno más dinámico para la interacción social).\par

\subsection*{Model answer}

The two images present a striking contrast regarding how we communicate and connect with others. In the first photograph, we see a young woman completely absorbed in her smartphone. The dim lighting and her singular focus suggest a sense of digital isolation, where the screen acts as a barrier to the outside world. It appears as though she is physically present but mentally elsewhere.\par

In stark contrast, the second image depicts a group of friends enjoying a vibrant, face-to-face interaction in a sunny outdoor setting. Unlike the first scene, there is a palpable sense of warmth and genuine connection. While the first woman is consumed by a digital interface, the group in the second photo is fully engaged in the present moment through verbal and non-verbal cues.\par

Regarding the impact of technology, I would argue that while digital tools allow us to stay connected globally, they can simultaneously erode the depth of our personal relationships. If we constantly prioritise screens over real-life engagement, as seen in the first image, we risk losing the emotional nuance that only physical presence provides. Ultimately, technology should supplement our social lives, not replace the meaningful connections shown in the second scene.\par
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 10: Mediation Task}{
\section*{Mediation}

Escribe un correo electrónico formal dirigido a tus compañeros de equipo resumiendo los puntos clave de la nueva política de redes sociales. Debes presentar las diferentes perspectivas de forma equilibrada y proponer una conclusión clara basada en el texto proporcionado. El texto debe tener un tono profesional y constructivo.\par

\subsection*{Texto original (español)}

La nueva política de la empresa sobre el uso de redes sociales ha generado debate. La dirección sugiere que el uso de plataformas personales durante el horario laboral debe limitarse estrictamente para mejorar la productividad. Sin embargo, algunos empleados argumentan que las redes sociales son herramientas de comunicación esenciales para el networking y la gestión de la imagen de marca de la empresa. Se propone un modelo híbrido: permitir el uso de redes sociales únicamente para fines profesionales y durante descansos específicos, asegurando que las tareas principales no se vean afectadas. Debemos encontrar un equilibrio entre la libertad individual y la eficiencia operativa.\par

\subsection*{Imagen de apoyo}

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.82\linewidth]{\detokenize{/Users/c/c1-run/public/generated/images/unit-12-mediation-mediation.png}}\\[1mm]
{\small mediation}
\end{center}

\subsection*{Estrategias clave}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Identify the main points: Identificar los puntos clave del texto original.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Paraphrasing: Parafrasear las ideas para evitar el plagio y demostrar nivel C1.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Summarising: Resumir la información esencial sin perder el contexto.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Adapting tone: Adaptar el registro de la fuente al formato de correo electrónico profesional.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Synthesising: Combinar la información de la fuente con el propósito de la tarea.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Structuring: Organizar el texto con una introducción, desarrollo y conclusión clara.
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Audiencia de destino}

your team members\par

\subsection*{Respuesta modelo (English)}

Subject: Update regarding the new social media policy\par

Dear Team,\par

I am writing to brief you on the recent discussions regarding our company's new social media policy. As we navigate these changes, it is essential that we all understand the proposed guidelines.\par

The management has suggested limiting personal social media use during working hours to prioritise productivity. While this aims to minimise distractions, some colleagues have raised valid points regarding the importance of these platforms for professional networking and brand management.\par

To address these conflicting views, a hybrid model has been proposed. This approach would allow social media usage strictly for professional purposes and during designated breaks, ensuring that our core responsibilities remain the priority.\par

In conclusion, the goal is to strike a balance between maintaining operational efficiency and allowing the flexibility needed for modern professional communication. I encourage you to review these points carefully as we prepare to implement these changes. Please feel free to share your thoughts during our next meeting.\par

Best regards,\par

[Your Name]\par
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 11: Podcast Guide}{
\section*{Podcast Guide — Media, Communication \& Influence}

Escuchar podcasts auténticos es fundamental en el nivel C1 para acostumbrarse a la velocidad natural, los modismos y los diversos acentos que no aparecen en los libros de texto. En esta guía, encontrarás recursos seleccionados para desafiar tu comprensión auditiva y ampliar tu vocabulario sobre los medios y la comunicación.\par

\subsection*{Recommended podcasts (3 total)}

\#\#\#\# 1. BBC In Our Time\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Level \& accent: British (Received Pronunciation/Academic), C1 appropriate: Yes.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Recommended episode: "The history of the newspaper" or "The invention of the telegraph".
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Why it's useful for C1: Este podcast utiliza un lenguaje académico y sofisticado, ideal para alcanzar el registro formal requerido en el examen C1. Los debates entre expertos te permitirán aprender a seguir argumentos complejos y estructuras de pensamiento lógico.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item 5 key phrases to listen for:
\end{itemize}
To shed light on... (Arrojar luz sobre/aclarar algo)\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item A watershed moment (Un momento decisivo/punto de inflexión)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item To be steeped in... (Estar impregnado de/empapado de algo)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The prevailing sentiment (El sentimiento predominante)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item To underpin the notion that... (Sustentar la idea de que...)
\end{itemize}

\#\#\#\# 2. TED Radio Hour (NPR)\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Level \& accent: American (Mixed/Standard), C1 appropriate: Yes.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Recommended episode: "The Power of Persuasion" or "Digital Distraction".
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Why it's useful para C1: Al tratar temas de psicología y comunicación, te ofrece vocabulario sobre influencia y comportamiento humano. El ritmo es dinámico, lo que ayuda a entrenar el oído para transiciones rápidas de ideas.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item 5 key phrases to listen for:
\end{itemize}
To exert influence over... (Ejercer influencia sobre...)\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item A double-edged sword (Un arma de doble filo)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item To tap into... (Aprovechar/conectar con algo, como una emoción o tendencia)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item To challenge the status quo (Desafiar el estado de las cosas)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Cognitive bias (Sesgo cognitivo)
\end{itemize}

\#\#\#\# 3. The Inquiry (BBC World Service)\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Level \& accent: British/International, C1 appropriate: Yes.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Recommended episode: "How social media shapes our reality" or "The rise of fake news".
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Why it's useful para C1: Este formato de entrevista rápida y periodística es perfecto para entender cómo se estructura una noticia o un debate de actualidad. Te expones a una gran variedad de acentos globales, algo vital para el éxito en el C1.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item 5 key phrases to listen for:
\end{itemize}
To play devil's advocate (Hacer de abogado del diablo)\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item To spark a debate (Despertar/provocar un debate)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The fallout from... (Las consecuencias/repercusiones de...)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item To blur the lines between... (Desdibujar las líneas entre...)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item To be widely perceived as... (Ser ampliamente percibido como...)
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Active listening strategies (C1)}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Listening for gist vs. detail: No intentes entender cada palabra. Primero, escucha para captar la idea general (the gist) y, en una segunda escucha, concéntrate en los detalles específicos.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Predictive listening: Antes de que el interlocutor termine una frase, intenta predecir la estructura gramatical o el tipo de palabra que vendrá. Esto entrena tu cerebro para procesar el inglés a la velocidad de un nativo.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Note-taking using abbreviations: No escribas frases completas. Usa símbolos y abreviaturas para anotar puntos clave; esto te obliga a procesar la información en tiempo real en lugar de solo transcribir.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Shadowing technique: Si escuchas una frase que te resulte especialmente elegante o difícil, pausa el audio e intenta repetirla imitando exactamente la entonación, el ritmo y la acentuación del locutor.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Identify discourse markers: Presta especial atención a las palabras de transición (however, nonetheless, conversely, furthermore). Estas son las "señales de tráfico" que te indican hacia dónde se dirige el argumento.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Contextual guessing: Cuando encuentres una palabra desconocida, no detengas el audio. Intenta deducir su significado basándote en el contexto y la carga emocional de la voz antes de buscarla en el diccionario.
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Follow-up task}

Task: The Critical Review\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Vocabulary Extraction: While listening, write down 5 new words or expressions. After the episode, look them up and write one original sentence for each, related to the topic of the podcast.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Summary Note-taking: Write a 150-word summary of the episode using at least three of the "key phrases" you listened for.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Oral Argumentation: Record a 2-minute voice note on your phone. In this recording, you must express your opinion on the podcast's main argument. You must use at least one "concession" structure (e.g., "While I acknowledge that..., I still believe...") to demonstrate C1-level complexity.
\end{itemize}
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 12: Media Guide}{
\section*{Cine \& Series — Media, Communication \& Influence}

Utilizar contenido audiovisual de alta calidad te permite exponerte a matices de registro y estructuras gramaticales complejas que no suelen aparecer en los libros de texto. Al analizar críticamente el lenguaje de estas producciones, podrás transicionar de un inglés funcional a uno con la sofisticación necesaria para el nivel C1.\par

\subsection*{Recommended title}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Title: Black Mirror (Selected episodes), 2011–Present, Netflix
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Accent/dialect: Primarily British (RP, various regional UK accents), occasionally American.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Why it's perfect for C1: The series explores the intersection of technology, media, and social influence, providing a rich context for high-level vocabulary regarding ethics, manipulation, and societal shifts. The dialogue ranges from highly formal/intellectual to raw, colloquial British English, making it ideal for mastering register.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Episodes to start with: Season 1, Episode 1 ("The National Anthem") and Season 3, Episode 1 ("Nosedive").
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Language focus}

1. "It seems as though we are about to lose our grip on reality entirely."\par
\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Vocabulary note: To lose one's grip /luːz wʌnz ɡrɪp/ (perder el control / perder el contacto con la realidad).
\item Grammar spotlight: Be about to is used here to express an imminent change or an event that is on the verge of happening.
\end{itemize}

2. "By the end of this decade, social media companies will have been manipulating our perceptions for longer than we can fathom."\par
\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Vocabulary note: Fathom /ˈfæðəm/ (comprender / alcanzar a entender).
\item Grammar spotlight: Future Perfect Continuous (will have been manipulating) is used to emphasise the duration of an action that started in the past and continues up to a specific point in the future.
\end{itemize}

3. "The public is about to face a reckoning that no algorithm can prevent."\par
\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Vocabulary note: A reckoning /ˈrekənɪŋ/ (ajuste de cuentas / juicio final).
\item Grammar spotlight: Be about to highlights the immediate future, creating a sense of tension and inevitability in the narrative.
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Viewing task (active watching)}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Vocabulary Log: Note down at least 10 words or idiomatic expressions per hour of viewing. Focus on words related to technology, ethics, and human behaviour.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Register Analysis: Identify scenes where characters shift from formal professional language to informal slang. Note how the tone changes the power dynamic between speakers.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Grammar Hunting: Listen specifically for predictions or descriptions of imminent events. Try to rewrite a sentence you heard using a different future form (e.g., change "is about to" to "is on the verge of").
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Oral Summary: After finishing an episode, record a voice note on your phone summarising the main conflict in 3 sentences. Aim for a C1 level of cohesion (using connectors like nevertheless, subsequently, or consequently).
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Similar titles (2 alternatives)}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The Social Network (2010): Excellent for fast-paced, intellectual dialogue and American English nuances.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Succession (2018–2023): Perfect for mastering sophisticated corporate vocabulary and complex power dynamics.
\end{itemize}
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 13: Everyday Scene}{
\section*{The Digital Distraction}

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.82\linewidth]{\detokenize{/Users/c/c1-run/public/generated/images/unit-12-everyday_scene-everyday_scene.png}}\\[1mm]
{\small everyday\_scene}
\end{center}

En esta imagen vemos la desconexión social causada por el uso constante de dispositivos móviles en entornos públicos. Es un ejemplo perfecto para discutir cómo la comunicación digital influye en nuestras interacciones cara a cara y en la atención que prestamos al entorno.\par

\subsection*{Preguntas para hablar (Speaking practice)}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Describe what is happening in this photograph and the atmosphere it conveys.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item How might the person's use of a smartphone affect their social life in the long term?
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item In what ways has digital communication changed the way we interact in public spaces?
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Compare the scene in the photo with how people used to communicate in cafes in the past.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Do you think it is possible to maintain meaningful relationships while being constantly distracted by technology?
\end{itemize}
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 14: Unit Review \& Progress Test}{
\section*{Unit review — Media, Communication \& Influence}

Al finalizar esta unidad, deberías ser capaz de utilizar estructuras gramaticales avanzadas para hablar sobre planes futuros, intenciones inmediatas y la duración de acciones en el futuro. Esto te permitirá expresar matices de tiempo con precisión, algo esencial para alcanzar el nivel C1.\par

Asimismo, habrás adquirido un léxico especializado sobre los medios de comunicación, la ética periodística y la influencia digital. Deberías sentirte cómodo utilizando colocaciones compleas y cambiando de registro (formal a informal) para discutir temas de actualidad de manera sofisticada.\par

\section*{Grammar consolidation}

Part 1: Sentence Transformation\par
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words.\par

-\par
I started studying English three years ago and I'm still doing it.\par
BEEN\par
By next year, I \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ English for four years.\par

-\par
We are on the verge of signing the contract.\par
ABOUT\par
We \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the contract.\par

-\par
It's certain that the government will announce the new law soon.\par
GOING\par
The government \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the new law.\par

Part 2: Error Correction\par
Identify and correct the grammatical error in each sentence.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item By the time the journalist arrives, the press conference will be finished. (Wait, this is correct—find the error in the next one!)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item At midnight, they will have been working for twenty hours straight. (Correct. Let's try this: By next month, I will have been living here since five years.)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item I am about to leaving the house when the phone rang.
\end{itemize}

Part 3: Controlled Rewriting\par
Rewrite the sentences using the prompts provided to maintain the original meaning.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The film starts in five minutes. (Use: ABOUT)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item I intend to have finished this article by 6 PM. (Use: HAVE)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item They started the investigation in January and it's still ongoing. (Use: BEEN)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The news is expected to break momentarily. (Use: ABOUT)
\end{itemize}

\section*{Vocabulary activation}

Part 1: C1 Collocations\par
Complete the sentences with the correct word to form a common collocation.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The documentary provided a \_\_\_\_\_ account of the political scandal. (In-depth / Deep)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Social media influencers often exert a \_\_\_\_\_ influence on young consumers. (Pervasive / Wide)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The news report was criticized for being \_\_\_\_\_ and biased. (Sensationalist / Loud)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item We need to find a way to bridge the \_\_\_\_\_ gap between different political ideologies. (Communication / Talk)
\end{itemize}

Part 2: Word Formation\par
Use the word in capitals to form a word that fits in the gap.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The \_\_\_\_\_ of the news story was questioned by many editors. (RELIANCE)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item There has been a significant \_\_\_\_\_ in how we consume digital media. (SHIFT)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The politician's \_\_\_\_\_ speech went viral overnight. (ELOQUENT)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Many people are concerned about the \_\_\_\_\_ of fake news. (SPREAD)
\end{itemize}

Part 3: Register Choice\par
Choose the most appropriate word for a formal academic essay.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The media's role in \_\_\_\_\_ (shaping / making) public opinion is vital.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The \_\_\_\_\_ (proliferation / growing) of digital platforms has changed journalism.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item It is essential to \_\_\_\_\_ (scrutinise / look at) the sources of information.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The \_\_\_\_\_ (implications / results) of misinformation are profound.
\end{itemize}

\section*{Integrated skills task}

Source Text: The Age of Echo Chambers\par

The digital revolution has fundamentally altered the landscape of communication. While the internet promised a global village of diverse perspectives, it has instead facilitated the rise of "echo chambers." Algorithms on social media platforms are designed to maximise engagement by showing users content that aligns with their existing beliefs. Consequently, individuals are rarely exposed to dissenting opinions, leading to increased social polarisation.\par

This phenomenon creates a feedback loop where biases are reinforced rather than challenged. As users interact more with like-minded individuals, their views become more extreme. This lack of intellectual diversity can undermine democratic processes, as nuanced debate is replaced by hostility and misinformation. While connectivity has increased, the quality of meaningful, cross-cultural dialogue seems to be declining. We must ask ourselves: are we communicating more, or are we simply talking to ourselves?\par

Writing Task\par

Instrucciones: Basándote en el texto anterior, escribe un ensayo de respuesta (180-220 palabras). Debes analizar si los algoritmos de las redes sociales son responsables de la polarización social y proponer una posible solución para fomentar un debate más equilibrado. Utiliza un registro formal y vocabulario de nivel C1.\par

\section*{Speaking checkpoint}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Compare: Compare the influence of traditional newspapers with that of social media influencers. Which is more impactful in the long term?
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Speculate: How might the way we consume news change in the next twenty years due to AI?
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Evaluate: "The media's primary goal is to inform, not to entertain." To what extent do you agree with this statement?
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Justify: If you had to choose between privacy and national security in the digital age, which would you prioritise and why?
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Speculate: Imagine a world where all news is verified by a single global entity. Would this be a utopia or a dystopia?
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Evaluate: Discuss the ethical implications of using "clickbait" to fund investigative journalism.
\end{itemize}

\section*{Self-assessment rubric}

Criteria |\par
Needs work (B2) |\par
Solid (C1) |\par
Exam-ready (C1+/C2) |\par

Accuracy |\par
Frequent errors in complex structures. |\par
Good control; errors are rare and don't impede meaning. |\par
High level of precision; very few errors. |\par

Range |\par
Uses basic vocabulary and simple structures. |\par
Uses a wide range of C1 vocabulary and varied grammar. |\par
Sophisticated use of idiomatic language and complex structures. |\par

Fluency |\par
Hesitations when using complex language. |\par
Speaks at length with natural flow. |\par
Smooth, effortless communication. |\par

Task Achievement |\par
Answers are too short or off-topic. |\par
Fully addresses all parts of the prompt. |\par
Provides nuanced, deep, and well-developed responses. |\par

\section*{Answer key}

Grammar consolidation\par
1. will have been studying\par
2. are about to sign\par
3. is going to announce\par
4. (Correct as written)\par
5. ...living here for five years.\par
6. I was about to leave the house when the phone rang.\par
7. The film is about to start.\par
8. I hope to have finished this article by 6 PM.\par
9. They have been conducting the investigation since January.\par
10. The news is about to break.\par

Vocabulary activation\par
1. in-depth\par
2. pervasive\par
3. sensationalist\par
4. communication\par
5. reliability\par
6. shift\par
7. eloquent\par
8. spread\par
9. shaping\par
10. proliferation\par
11. scrutinise\par
12. implications\par
}
\end{document}
