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\begin{unitbox}
{\LARGE\bfseries Open C1 English · Unit 04}\\[2mm]
{\Large Technology \& Innovation}\\[2mm]
{\bfseries Grammar:} Modal perfect forms (must have, could have, should have)\\
{\bfseries Pronunciation:} Connected speech: assimilation and elision\\
{\bfseries Generated:} 2026-04-21 00:42
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\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Study the grammar and vocabulary before attempting the output tasks.
\item Use the public site for audio playback; this PDF is the printable study companion.
\item Mark answers directly on paper, then return to the online lesson for media-rich practice.
\item Keep a separate C1 notebook for rewritten answers, useful collocations and pronunciation notes.
\end{itemize}
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Input: reading, listening and media exposure.\\
Language focus: grammar, vocabulary, idioms and Use of English.\\
Output: writing, speaking, mediation and realistic everyday communication.
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\newpage
\lessonbox{Lesson 1: Introduction}{
\section*{¿De qué va esta unidad?}

En esta unidad, nos adentraremos en el vertiginoso mundo de la tecnología y la innovación. No se trata simplemente de aprender palabras sobre dispositivos electrónicos, sino de desarrollar la capacidad de discutir dilemas éticos, el impacto de la inteligencia artificial en el mercado laboral y cómo el progreso técnico redefine nuestra identidad social. Para un estudiante de nivel C1, este tema es fundamental porque las discusiones sobre avances científicos y sociales son recurrentes tanto en contextos académicos como en las secciones de debate del examen Cambridge.\par

El principal reto de esta unidad radica en la complejidad de expresar hipótesis sobre el pasado y especulaciones sobre situaciones que no ocurrieron. Utilizaremos los modal perfect forms para analizar decisiones tecnológicas pasadas y sus consecuencias. Además, trabajaremos con la fluidez necesaria para manejar la velocidad del habla natural mediante el estudio de la asimilación y la elisión, permitiéndote sonar más natural y comprender mejor a hablantes nativos en contextos de conversación rápida.\par

\section*{Objetivos de aprendizaje}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Utilizar con precisión los modal perfect forms (must have, could have, should have) para expresar deducciones y arrepentimientos sobre eventos pasados.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Ampliar el léxico especializado relacionado con la innovación, la ética tecnológica y la transformación digital.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Desarrollar la capacidad de identificar la opinión del autor y el tono en textos complejos sobre avances científicos (Reading).
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Mejorar la comprensión auditiva de hablantes nativos mediante el reconocimiento de fenómenos de connected speech (Listening).
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Redactar ensayos argumentativos y propuestas formales utilizando estructuras gramaticales avanzadas (Writing).
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Participar en debates de alto nivel, manteniendo la cohesión y la fluidez al expresar hipótesis complejas (Speaking).
\end{itemize}

\section*{Lo que vas a encontrar}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Introduction: Una visión general del impacto tecnológico en la sociedad moderna.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Grammar: Un estudio profundo de los modal perfect forms para especular sobre el pasado.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Vocabulary: Vocabulario de alto nivel sobre innovación, disrupción y tendencias tecnológicas.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Idioms: Modismos y expresiones idiomáticas para hablar de ideas, cambios y éxito.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Reading: Análisis de artículos sobre el futuro de la inteligencia artificial y la ética digital.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Listening: Ejercicios de comprensión con diferentes acentos sobre debates tecnológicos.
\end{itemize}
p7.  Use of English: Prácticas de rephrasing y word formation enfocadas en gramática y vocabulario de la unidad.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Writing: Práctica de redacción de ensayos académicos y cartas formales de opinión.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Speaking: Simulacros de la parte de interacción del examen con temas de debate actuales.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Mediation: Ejercicios para resumir textos complejos o traducir ideas de un formato a otro.
\end{itemize}

\section*{Tiempo estimado}

Total estimado: 8 horas\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Introduction: 15 min
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Grammar: 1 hora
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Vocabulary: 45 min
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Idioms: 30 min
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Reading: 1 hora
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Listening: 45 min
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Use of English: 1 hora
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Writing: 1 hora
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Speaking: 1 hora
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Mediation: 45 min
\end{itemize}
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 2: Grammar Focus}{
\section*{Explicación (en español)}

En el nivel C1 Advanced, los modal perfects (modales perfectos) son esenciales para expresar deducciones, arrepentimientos o posibilidades sobre eventos que ocurrieron en el pasado. Se forman utilizando un verbo modal seguido de la estructura have + past participle. A diferencia de los modales simples (must, could, should), que suelen referirse al presente o futuro, la forma perfecta nos permite "viajar" al pasado para analizar situaciones que ya han concluido.\par

El uso varía según el modal elegido. Usamos must have para deducciones lógicas de las que estamos casi seguros (ej. "Debió haber sido así"). Usamos could have para posibilidades que pudieron ocurrir pero no sucedieron, o para especulaciones sobre el pasado. Por último, should have se utiliza para expresar arrepentimiento o crítica sobre algo que no se hizo correctamente en el pasado (ej. "Debería haberlo hecho").\par

Un error muy común entre los hispanohablantes es la confusión entre must have y should have. En español, a veces usamos "debería haber" para ambos, pero en inglés, must have es una conclusión lógica ("debió de haberlo hecho") y should have es un consejo no seguido ("debería haberlo hecho, pero no lo hice"). Otro error típico es olvidar el "have" o usar el pasado simple del verbo principal en lugar del participio (ej. decir must had en lugar de must have done).\par

Al comparar con el español, notarás que could have equivale a "podría haber", pero también puede traducirse como "pudo haber". Es fundamental recordar que, una vez que usamos el modal perfect, el contexto temporal ya está fijado en el pasado; no necesitamos añadir más marcadores temporales si la estructura ya indica que la acción es terminada.\par

\section*{Form — estructura}

Modal |\par
Meaning (Significado) |\par
Usage (Uso) |\par

Must have + past participle |\par
Deducción lógica positiva |\par
To express certainty that something happened in the past. |\par

Can't have / Couldn't have + past participle |\par
Deducción lógica negativa |\par
To express certainty that something did not happen. |\par

Could have + past participle |\par
Posibilidad o capacidad no realizada |\par
To express that something was possible but didn't happen. |\par

Should have + past participle |\par
Arrepentimiento o crítica |\par
To express that something was a good idea but wasn't done. |\par

Might / May have + past participle |\par
Posibilidad remota |\par
To express a weak possibility about a past event. |\par

\section*{Examples}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The server crashed because the engineers must have forgotten to update the security patches. (El servidor se cayó porque los ingenieros debieron de olvidar actualizar los parches de seguridad.)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item We should have invested in Bitcoin ten years ago when it was cheaper. (Deberíamos haber invertido en Bitcoin hace diez años cuando era más barato.)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The prototype could have been much more efficient if they had used carbon fibre. (El prototipo podría haber sido mucho más eficiente si hubieran usado fibra de carbono.)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item She must have lost her smartphone because she hasn't answered any messages all day. (Ella debe haber perdido su smartphone porque no ha respondido ningún mensaje en todo el día.)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item You shouldn't have shared your password with anyone; now the account is compromised. (No deberías haber compartido tu contraseña con nadie; ahora la cuenta está comprometida.)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item They might have developed a new algorithm, but they haven't released the details yet. (Puede que hayan desarrollado un nuevo algoritmo, pero aún no han publicado los detalles.)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The software couldn't have worked without the latest operating system update. (El software no pudo haber funcionado sin la última actualización del sistema operativo.)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item We should have implemented cloud storage earlier to avoid these data loss issues. (Deberíamos haber implementado el almacenamiento en la nube antes para evitar estos problemas de pérdida de datos.)
\end{itemize}

\section*{Contrast}

-\par
✗ The CEO must had resigned. / ✓ The CEO must have resigned.\par
(Error: El modal siempre va seguido de 'have', nunca 'had'.)\par

-\par
✗ I should have went to the tech conference. / ✓ I should have gone to the tech conference.\par
(Error: Después de 'have' se debe usar el past participle, no el past simple.)\par

-\par
✗ He must have worked harder, but he didn't. / ✓ He should have worked harder, but he didn't.\par
(Error: 'Must have' es para deducciones; 'should have' es para críticas/arrepentimiento.)\par

-\par
✗ It could have be a great invention. / ✓ It could have been a great invention.\par
(Error: Se requiere el past participle 'been' para completar la estructura perfecta.)\par

\section*{Mini-quiz — 10 preguntas}

Part 1: Multiple Choice\par

-\par
The company went bankrupt. They \_ more carefully with their R\&D budget.\par
a) must have invested\par
b) should have invested\par
c) could have invested\par

-\par
Someone stole the laptop! It \_ through the open window.\par
a) must have been\par
b) should have been\par
c) might have been\par

-\par
I'm not sure why the app stopped working. It \_ a bug in the new update.\par
a) must have been\par
b) might have been\par
c) should have been\par

Part 2: Sentence Transformation (Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first)\par

-\par
It was a mistake to buy such expensive VR headsets.\par
We \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (buy) such expensive VR headsets.\par

-\par
I am certain that the hackers found a vulnerability in the firewall.\par
The hackers \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (find) a vulnerability in the firewall.\par

-\par
It was possible for us to win the innovation award, but we didn't.\par
We \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (win) the innovation award.\par

-\par
I'm sure she didn't see the notification on her smartwatch.\par
She \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (see) the notification on her smartwatch.\par

Part 3: Fill in the blanks (Use the correct modal perfect form of the verb in brackets)\par

-\par
The battery died so quickly! You \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (buy) a higher capacity one.\par

-\par
Why is the website down? The developers \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (make) a mistake during the migration.\par

-\par
I feel terrible. I \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (set) up two-factor authentication last month.\par

Respuestas:\par
1. b\par
2. a\par
3. b\par
4. shouldn't have bought\par
5. must have found\par
6. could have won\par
7. can't have seen / couldn't have seen\par
8. should have bought\par
9. must have made / might have made\par
10. should have set up\par
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 3: Vocabulary Lab}{
\section*{Vocabulario C1 — Technology \& Innovation}

30 palabras con definición, traducción, ejemplo y audio.\par



\subsection*{paradigm shift  //}
/ˈpærədaɪm ʃɪft/n\par
Definition:a fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions.\par
Traducción:cambio de paradigma\par
Example:The integration of generative AI represents a massive paradigm shift in how we approach creative writing.\par
Collocation:a fundamental paradigm shift\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# ubiquitous  //
\end{itemize}
/juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/adj\par
Definition:present, appearing, or found everywhere.\par
Traducción:ubicuos / omnipresente\par
Example:By 2026, augmented reality glasses are expected to become ubiquitous in urban environments.\par
Collocation:becoming increasingly ubiquitous\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# empirical  //
\end{itemize}
/ɪmˈpɪrɪkl/adj\par
Definition:based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory.\par
Traducción:empírico\par
Example:Researchers provided empirical evidence to support the efficacy of the new quantum computing algorithm.\par
Collocation:empirical evidence\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# obsolescence  //
\end{itemize}
/ˌɒbsəˈlesns/n\par
Definition:the process of becoming obsolete or outdated.\par
Traducción:obsolescencia\par
Example:Planned obsolescence in smartphone manufacturing has raised significant environmental concerns.\par
Collocation:planned obsolescence\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# unprecedented  //
\end{itemize}
/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/adj\par
Definition:never done or known before.\par
Traducción:sin precedentes\par
Example:The speed of technological advancement in the last decade has been unprecedented.\par
Collocation:an unprecedented rate\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# disruptive  //
\end{itemize}
/dɪsˈrʌptɪv/adj\par
Definition:innovative technology that creates a new market and value network, displacing established firms.\par
Traducción:disruptivo\par
Example:The startup's disruptive technology completely changed the logistics industry.\par
Collocation:disruptive technology\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# streamline  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈstriːmlaɪn/v\par
Definition:to make an organization or system more efficient and effective by employing faster or simpler processes.\par
Traducción:optimizar / agilizar\par
Example:We need to streamline our workflow using automated AI agents to remain competitive.\par
Collocation:streamline the process\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# cutting-edge  //
\end{itemize}
/ˌkʌtɪŋ ˈedʒ/adj\par
Definition:at the latest or most advanced stage of development.\par
Traducción:de vanguardia / puntero\par
Example:The lab is equipped with cutting-edge biotechnology to study genetic engineering.\par
Collocation:cutting-edge technology\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# feasibility  //
\end{itemize}
/ˌfiːzəˈbɪləti/n\par
Definition:the state or degree of being easily or conveniently done.\par
Traducción:viabilidad\par
Example:The board is currently conducting a feasibility study on the implementation of fusion energy.\par
Collocation:feasibility study\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# implement  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈɪmplɪment/v\par
Definition:to put a decision, plan, or agreement into effect.\par
Traducción:implementar\par
Example:The company plans to implement new cybersecurity protocols by the end of the quarter.\par
Collocation:implement a strategy\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# scalability  //
\end{itemize}
/ˌskeɪləˈbɪləti/n\par
Definition:the capacity to be changed in size or scale.\par
Traducción:escalabilidad\par
Example:Cloud-based solutions offer the scalability required for growing tech enterprises.\par
Collocation:ensure scalability\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# leverage  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈliːvərɪdʒ/v\par
Definition:to use something to maximum advantage.\par
Traducción:aprovechar / potenciar\par
Example:We must leverage our data analytics to predict market trends more accurately.\par
Collocation:leverage resources\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# benchmark  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈbentʃmɑːk/n / v\par
Definition:a standard or point of reference against which things may be compared or assessed.\par
Traducción:punto de referencia / estándar\par
Example:The new processor sets a new benchmark for speed in mobile computing.\par
Collocation:set a benchmark\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# synergy  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈsɪnədʒi/n\par
Definition:the interaction or cooperation of two or more organizations to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects.\par
Traducción:sinergia\par
Example:The merger aims to create synergy between the software and hardware divisions.\par
Collocation:create synergy\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# comprehensive  //
\end{itemize}
/ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv/adj\par
Definition:complete; including all or nearly all elements or aspects of something.\par
Traducción:exhaustivo / integral\par
Example:The tech firm released a comprehensive report on the impact of automation on jobs.\par
Collocation:comprehensive analysis\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# breakthrough  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈbreɪkθruː/n\par
Definition:a sudden, dramatic, and important development or discovery.\par
Traducción:avance / hallazgo\par
Example:Scientists have announced a major breakthrough in battery life longevity.\par
Collocation:scientific breakthrough\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# harness  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈhɑːrnɪs/v\par
Definition:to control and make use of (natural resources, especially to produce energy).\par
Traducción:aprovechar / canalizar\par
Example:The goal is to harness the power of AI to solve complex climate issues.\par
Collocation:harness the power\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# integration  //
\end{itemize}
/ˌɪntɪˈɡreɪʃn/n\par
Definition:the action or process of combining two or more things so that they become a whole.\par
Traducción:integración\par
Example:Seamless integration between devices is the key to a successful smart home ecosystem.\par
Collocation:seamless integration\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# pioneer  //
\end{itemize}
/ˌpaɪəˈnɪə(r)/v / n\par
Definition:to develop or be among the first to use or apply a new method, area of knowledge, or activity.\par
Traducción:ser pionero / pionero\par
Example:The company continues to pioneer new methods in sustainable tech manufacturing.\par
Collocation:pioneer a new era\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# robust  //
\end{itemize}
/rəʊˈbʌst/adj\par
Definition:strong and unlikely to break or fail.\par
Traducción:robusto / sólido\par
Example:We need to build a more robust infrastructure to prevent large-scale data breaches.\par
Collocation:robust system\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# game-changer  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈɡeɪmˌtʃeɪndʒə(r)/n\par
Definition:a person or thing that significantly alters the existing way of doing something.\par
Traducción:algo que cambia las reglas del juego\par
Example:The introduction of foldable screens was a total game-changer for the smartphone industry.\par
Collocation:a real game-changer\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# user-friendly  //
\end{itemize}
/ˌjuːzə ˈfrendli/adj\par
Definition:easy to use or understand.\par
Traducción:fácil de usar / intuitivo\par
Example:The new interface is incredibly user-friendly, even for those who aren't tech-savvy.\par
Collocation:highly user-friendly\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# seamless  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈsiːmləs/adj\par
Definition:smooth and without gaps or interruptions.\par
Traducción:sin fisuras / fluido\par
Example:The transition to the new cloud platform was seamless for all employees.\par
Collocation:seamless transition\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# hype  //
\end{itemize}
/haɪp/n\par
Definition:intensive or exaggerated publicity or promotion.\par
Traducción:bombardeo publicitario / bombo\par
Example:Despite all the hype surrounding the metaverse, actual adoption remains slow.\par
Collocation:media hype\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# tech-savvy  //
\end{itemize}
/ˌtek ˈsævi/adj\par
Definition:well informed about or proficient in the use of modern technology.\par
Traducción:experto en tecnología / que domina la tecnología\par
Example:The marketing campaign targets a tech-savvy demographic aged 18-35.\par
Collocation:highly tech-savvy\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# glitch  //
\end{itemize}
/ɡlɪtʃ/n\par
Definition:a sudden, usually temporary, malfunction or fault of equipment.\par
Traducción:fallo / error técnico\par
Example:A minor software glitch caused the automated system to restart unexpectedly.\par
Collocation:technical glitch\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# cutting-edge  //
\end{itemize}
/ˌkʌtɪŋ ˈedʒ/adj\par
Definition:the most advanced or innovative stage of development.\par
Traducción:de vanguardia\par
Example:The startup is working on cutting-edge solutions for carbon capture.\par
Collocation:cutting-edge research\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# user experience (UX)  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈjuːzə ɪkˈspɪəriəns/n\par
Definition:the overall experience of a person using a product such as a website or application.\par
Traducción:experiencia de usuario\par
Example:Designers are focusing more on UX to ensure customers stay engaged with the app.\par
Collocation:enhance UX\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# buzzword  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈbʌzwɜːd/n\par
Definition:a word or phrase that becomes very popular for a period of time, often used in business.\par
Traducción:palabra de moda\par
Example:'Quantum supremacy' has become a common buzzword in recent tech conferences.\par
Collocation:latest buzzword\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# clunky  //
\end{itemize}
/ˈklʌŋki/adj\par
Definition:awkwardly heavy, bulky, or inefficiently designed.\par
Traducción:tosco / pesado / poco fluido\par
Example:The old software was so clunky that it slowed down the entire department's productivity.\par
Collocation:clunky interface\par

-\par
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 4: Idioms \& Natural Expressions}{
\section*{Idioms \& expressions — Technology \& Innovation}



\subsection*{Cutting-edge technology  ·  neutral}
neutral\par
Meaning:The most advanced or innovative stage of development.\par
Significado:Tecnología de vanguardia.\par
Example:The new research facility is equipped with cutting-edge technology to accelerate drug discovery.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# To push the envelope  ·  neutral
\end{itemize}
neutral\par
Meaning:To approach or extend the limits of what is possible.\par
Significado:Ir más allá de los límites / Innovar radicalmente.\par
Example:The aerospace engineers are constantly pushing the envelope to make space travel more sustainable.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# State-of-the-art  ·  formal
\end{itemize}
formal\par
Meaning:Using the newest and most advanced techniques or methods.\par
Significado:De última generación.\par
Example:Our smart home systems feature state-of-the-art security protocols to prevent hacking.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# A game-changer  ·  neutral
\end{itemize}
neutral\par
Meaning:A person or thing that significantly alters the current way of doing things.\par
Significado:Algo que cambia las reglas del juego.\par
Example:The integration of generative AI into creative workflows has been a total game-changer for the industry.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# To be ahead of the curve  ·  neutral
\end{itemize}
neutral\par
Meaning:To be more advanced than others in a particular field.\par
Significado:Estar a la vanguardia / Ir un paso por delante.\par
Example:By investing in quantum computing early, the company remains ahead of the curve.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# To bridge the digital divide  ·  formal
\end{itemize}
formal\par
Meaning:To reduce the gap between those who have access to technology and those who do not.\par
Significado:Cerrar la brecha digital.\par
Example:Global initiatives aim to bridge the digital divide by providing satellite internet to remote regions.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# AI-native  ·  neutral
\end{itemize}
neutral\par
Meaning:Something designed from the ground up to function with artificial intelligence as its core.\par
Significado:Nativo de IA (diseñado específicamente para IA).\par
Example:We aren't just adding plugins; we are building an AI-native platform to automate entire workflows.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# To hallucinate a solution  ·  informal
\end{itemize}
formal\par
Meaning:When an AI generates false or nonsensical information presented as fact (contemporary digital slang).\par
Significado:Alucinar una solución (cuando la IA inventa datos).\par
Example:Be careful when using LLMs for legal research; it's easy for the model to hallucinate a solution that doesn't exist.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# Human-in-the-loop  ·  formal
\end{itemize}
formal\par
Meaning:A model where human intervention is required to oversee or correct automated processes.\par
Significado:Intervención humana en el proceso (supervisión humana).\par
Example:To ensure ethical standards, our automated recruitment tool follows a strict human-in-the-loop protocol.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item \#\#\# To be tech-fatigued  ·  informal
\end{itemize}
formal\par
Meaning:To feel overwhelmed or exhausted by the constant influx of new gadgets and software updates.\par
Significado:Estar saturado de tecnología.\par
Example:Many employees are becoming tech-fatigued due to the constant rollout of new productivity apps every month.\par

-\par
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 5: Reading Practice}{
\section*{Unit 4: Technology \& Innovation}

\subsection*{Reading Lesson: The Algorithmic Dilemma}

\section*{Reading text}

\subsection*{H3: The Ghost in the Machine: Navigating the Age of Autonomous Decision-Making}

As we move through 2025, the boundary between human intuition and algorithmic precision has become increasingly porous. We no longer merely use technology; we exist within a framework of automated decisions that shape our careers, our social circles, and even our legal standing. While the promise of efficiency was once the primary driver of innovation, the current debate has shifted toward a more existential concern: the erosion of human agency.\par

The integration of Generative AI into the professional sphere was initially met with a mixture of awe and apprehension. Early adopters predicted a utopia of leisure, where machines handled the mundane while humans focused on creative pursuits. However, the reality has proven far more nuanced. Instead of liberating us, these tools have often introduced a new layer of complexity. Professionals now find themselves in a constant race to keep pace with evolving models, leading to a phenomenon known as 'algorithmic burnout'.\par

One of the most contentious issues is the lack of transparency in 'black box' systems. These are algorithms so complex that even their creators cannot fully explain how a specific output was reached. When used in recruitment or judicial sentencing, this opacity poses a significant threat to accountability. If a machine denies a loan or flags a candidate as unsuitable, the lack of a clear rationale leaves the individual powerless. We are essentially delegating moral responsibility to mathematical functions that lack empathy or contextual understanding.\par

Furthermore, the environmental cost of maintaining such vast computational power is often overlooked in the rush to innovate. The energy required to train and sustain large-scale models is staggering, prompting questions about the sustainability of our digital ambitions. Can we justify the carbon footprint of a more 'intelligent' chatbot when the planet is facing unprecedented climatic shifts?\par

Proponents of rapid technological advancement argue that these growing pains are a necessary prerequisite for a greater leap in human capability. They suggest that by delegating low-level decision-making to AI, we clear the path for higher-order problem-solving. They maintain that history is full of technological disruptions that initially seemed destabilising but ultimately enriched society.\par

Yet, as we stand on this precipice, we must ask whether we are designing tools to serve us, or if we are inadvertently redesigning ourselves to serve the tools. The challenge of the coming decade will not be the technical feat of making machines smarter, but the ethical feat of ensuring they remain subordinate to human values. Innovation without intention is merely sophisticated chaos.\par

\section*{Comprehension — multiple choice (Cambridge Part 5 style)}

-\par
In the first paragraph, the writer suggests that...\par
A. technology has become more useful than it was in the past.\par
B. the distinction between human choice and machine logic is blurring.\par
C. human intuition is being replaced by superior technology.\par
D. the primary goal of innovation has changed since the 20th century.\par

-\par
What is the writer's attitude towards the initial expectations of Generative AI?\par
A. He believes the utopian vision was entirely unrealistic.\par
B. He suggests that the reality has been more complicated than expected.\par
C. He argues that the technology has failed to meet its original purpose.\par
D. He expresses admiration for the efficiency these tools provided.\par

-\par
The term 'algorithmic burnout' in the second paragraph refers to...\par
A. the physical exhaustion caused by working with new hardware.\par
B. the psychological strain of trying to remain relevant in a tech-driven market.\par
C. the failure of software to perform tasks correctly.\par
D. the loss of interest in professional life due to automation.\par

-\par
According to the third paragraph, the main danger of 'black box' systems is...\par
A. they are too expensive for most organisations to implement.\par
B. they might be used to commit crimes without detection.\par
C. they make it impossible to hold anyone responsible for decisions.\par
D. they are too complex for human beings to ever understand.\par

-\par
What point does the writer make regarding the environmental impact of AI?\par
A. Technological innovation is fundamentally incompatible with climate goals.\par
B. The energy consumption of AI is a secondary concern to social issues.\par
C. We must weigh the benefits of intelligence against its ecological cost.\par
D. Most tech companies are ignoring the carbon footprint of their models.\par

-\par
What is the writer's concluding thought?\par
A. We must slow down the pace of innovation to prevent social collapse.\par
B. The most important task ahead is to maintain ethical control over technology.\par
C. Human beings will eventually have to adapt to the way machines think.\par
D. The technological leaps of the future will justify the current instability.\par

\section*{Gapped text — missing sentences}

A. This lack of clarity creates a vacuum where justice and fairness should reside.\par
B. This transition has not been as seamless as many optimists had hoped.\par
C. This tension between progress and preservation defines our current era.\par
D. Such a shift requires a complete overhaul of our traditional educational systems.\par
E. This constant pressure to adapt can lead to significant mental fatigue.\par

\section*{Glossary}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Porous — Poroso / permeable
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item much Nuanced — Matizado / con matices
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Apprehension — Aprensión / temor
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Mundane — Mundano / rutinario
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Contentious — Polémico / contencioso
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Opacity — Opacidad
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Staggering — Asombroso / impactante
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Precipice — Precipicio / borde peligroso
\end{itemize}

\section*{Answers}

Comprehension\par
1. B\par
2. B\par
3. B\par
4. C\par
5. C\par
6. B\par

Gapped Text (Note: In a real exam, these would fit into the text gaps)\par
The student should match the logic of the text to the sentences. Based on the text structure:\par
(Gap 2 context: B)\par
(Gap 3 context: E)\par
(Gap 4 context: A)\par
(Gap 5 context: C)\par

Correct sequence for the provided text logic:\par
2. B\par
3. E\par
4. A\par
5. C\par
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 6: Listening Lab}{
\section*{The Digital Dilemma: Innovation vs. Humanity}

Esta actividad de comprensión auditiva se divide en tres partes para poner a prueba tu capacidad de entender detalles, completar información y captar ideas abstractas. Escucha atentamente el audio para responder a las preguntas de opción múltiple, completar las frases y analizar la discusión del panel.\par

\subsection*{Part 1 — Conversation (questions 1–6)}

\# |\par
Question |\par
Options |\par

1 |\par
What is Speaker 1's primary concern regarding their screen time? |\par
They are finding it difficult to find time for offline activities.  /  They feel unable to separate their real life from their online identity.  /  They believe that social media is causing physical health issues.  /  They are worried about the cost of staying connected. |\par

2 |\par
How does Speaker 2 view the current state of digital connectivity? |\par
As a global crisis that needs immediate intervention.  /  As a temporary trend that will soon fade away.  /  As a new normal that has become part of daily life.  /  As a dangerous distraction from meaningful work. |\par

3 |\par
What does Speaker 1 suggest is a consequence of technological innovation? |\par
It has led to a more fragmented society.  /  It has made communication much more efficient.  /  It has allowed people to live more fulfilling lives.  /  It has solved the problem of social isolation. |\par

4 |\par
According to Speaker 2, how does AI affect our work? |\par
It replaces the need for human intelligence entirely.  /  It creates a massive amount of unnecessary work.  /  It allows for the seamless integration of tasks into workflows.  /  It makes it harder to manage our daily schedules. |\par

5 |\par
What is Speaker 1's fear regarding the use of algorithms? |\par
That they will become too expensive for the average user.  /  That they will lead to the loss of critical thinking skills.  /  That they will be used to monitor our private lives.  /  That they will eventually fail and cause chaos. |\par

6 |\par
How does Speaker 2 interpret the shift in human skills due to technology? |\par
As a loss of fundamental human abilities.  /  As a move towards more repetitive tasks.  /  As an evolution of intelligence rather than a replacement.  /  As a way to avoid responsibility in the workplace. |\par

\subsection*{Part 2 — Monologue: sentence completion (questions 7–12)}

Complete each sentence with 1–3 words from the recording.\par

1.  The speaker felt a sense of \_\_\_\_\_\_ when looking at their screen time report.\par

2.  A brief \_\_\_\_\_\_ into offline living left the speaker feeling isolated.\par

3.  The speaker worries that we are \_\_\_\_\_\_ our thinking to algorithms.\par

4.  There is a fine line between technological \_\_\_\_\_\_ and dependency.\par

5.  The speaker feels as if they are \_\_\_\_\_\_ while flying.\par

6.  The concept of the Singularity was once relegated to the realm of \_\_\_\_\_\_.\par

\subsection*{Part 3 — Panel discussion (questions 13–18)}

13. What is the main topic of the 'Future Forward' podcast segment?\par
\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The history of the industrial revolution.
\item The ethical boundaries of biotechnological innovation.
\item The economic impact of the digital divide.
\item The legal frameworks of data privacy.
\end{itemize}

14. What does the narrator suggest about 'redesigning the species'?\par
\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item It is a goal that all scientists are working towards.
\item It is an inevitable result of augmenting biological limitations.
\item It is a way to ensure equality among all humans.
\item It is a concept that has already been achieved.
\end{itemize}

15. According to the narrator, what is the risk of 'cognitive divide'?\par
\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item People will lose interest in learning new skills.
\item Intelligence and lifespan could become commodities for the elite.
\item The internet will become too expensive for most people.
\item Legal frameworks will become too complex to manage.
\end{itemize}

16. Why does the narrator mention the 'regulatory vacuum'?\par
\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item To explain why technology moves faster than legal frameworks.
\item To argue that there should be no laws governing innovation.
\item To highlight the success of current data privacy laws.
\item To suggest that innovation should be stopped immediately.
\end{itemize}

17. What is Speaker 1's criticism of modern innovation in the panel discussion?\par
\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item It is too expensive to develop.
\item It is driven primarily by profit and consumerism.
\item It lacks the necessary scientific research.
\item It is too slow to meet human needs.
\end{itemize}

18. How does Speaker 3 view the use of 'black-box algorithms'?\par
\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item As a way to increase efficiency in recruitment.
\item As a necessary tool for modern judicial systems.
\item As a sacrifice of transparency for perceived efficiency.
\item As a method to ensure fairness in decision-making.
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Vocabulario clave}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Tethered — Atado / Vinculado  - Atrophying — Atrofiarse / Debilitarse  - Caveats — Advertencias / Salvedades  - Augmentation — Aumento / Mejora  - Tangible — Tangible / Real  - Equity — Equidad  - Deluge — Diluvio / Inundación (de información o cosas)  - Hyperbolic — Hiperbólico / Exagerado  \#\#\# Respuestas
\end{itemize}

Part 1: 1. A  ·  2. A  ·  3. A  ·  4. A  ·  5. A  ·  6. A\par
Part 2: 1. genuine dread  ·  2. foray  ·  3. outsourcing  ·  4. augmentation  ·  5. building the plane  ·  6. science fiction\par
Part 3: 13. C  ·  14. A  ·  15. C  ·  16. A  ·  17. D  ·  18. A\par

\subsection*{Transcript}

Ver transcript completo\par

SEGMENT 1 — CONVERSATION\par

Speaker 1: Honestly, I was looking at my screen time report this morning and I felt a genuine sense of dread. It’s getting to the point where I can’t distinguish between my actual life and my digital persona.\par

Speaker 2: I know exactly what you mean. It’s that feeling of being perpetually tethered to something, isn't it? Although, I wouldn't go as far as saying it's a crisis. It’s just the new normal.\par

Speaker 1: But is it really "normal" to feel this restless whenever we aren't checking for notifications? I mean, I tried a digital detox last weekend—just a brief foray into offline living—and I felt incredibly isolated. It’s as if the innovation in connectivity has actually resulted in a sort of social fragmentation.\par

Speaker 2: That's a valid point, certainly. But you have to admit, the sheer efficiency we gain from these advancements is unparalleled. I mean, think about the seamless integration of AI into our daily workflows. It’s not just about social media; it’s about how we manage our cognitive load.\par

Speaker 1: Well, that’s precisely my worry. We’re outsourcing our thinking to algorithms. If we rely on AI to curate our information, schedule our lives, and even draft our emails, aren't we essentially atrophying our own critical thinking skills?\par

Speaker 2: I see it differently. I’d argue we’re not losing skills, but rather shifting them. We’re moving away from rote tasks and towards higher-level oversight. It’s an evolution of human intelligence, not a replacement of it.\par

Speaker 1: I suppose. But there’s a fine line between "augmentation" and "dependency." If the technology fails, or if the algorithms become biased—which they often are—we might find ourselves ill-equipped to navigate the world manually.\par

Speaker 2: True, there are certainly caveats to consider. The ethical implications are massive. But surely, the solution isn't to retreat into a pre-digital era, but to refine the technology to be more human-centric?\par

Speaker 1: If only it were that straightforward. It feels like we're building the plane while flying it.\par

SEGMENT 2 — MONOLOGUE\par

Narrator: Welcome back to "The Future Forward" podcast. Today, we are delving into a topic that sits at the very heart of modern sociological debate: the concept of the "Singularity" and the ethical boundaries of biotechnological innovation. For years, the idea of merging human consciousness with artificial intelligence was relegated to the realm of science fiction. However, as we witness the rapid acceleration of neural interface technologies, what was once speculative is now becoming a tangible, albeit controversial, reality.\par

Narrator: Now, when we talk about innovation, we often focus on the immediate benefits—the convenience, the medical breakthroughs, the sheer awe of scientific progress. But we must ask ourselves: at what cost does this progress come? There is a growing school of thought suggesting that our current trajectory is leading us toward a fundamental shift in what it means to be human. If we begin to augment our biological limitations through technological means, we aren't just improving ourselves; we are effectively redesigning the species.\par

Narrator: This brings us to the issue of equity. If these life-altering innovations are only accessible to a privileged elite, we risk creating a profound biological divide. We aren't just talking about a digital divide anymore, where some have better internet than others; we are talking about a cognitive divide. A world where intelligence, memory, and even lifespan become commodities available only to those with the financial means to acquire them. This is a prospect that should give any ethicist pause.\par

Narrator: Furthermore, we have to consider the unpredictability of complex systems. Innovation often moves at an exponential rate, while our legal and ethical frameworks move at a linear, much slower pace. We are essentially operating in a regulatory vacuum. We see this in the way data privacy is handled, but it will be infinitely more complicated when the technology involves our very biology.\par

Narrator: So, the question is not whether we should pursue innovation—because, let's face it, we can't really stop it—but how we can govern it. How do we ensure that technological advancement serves to uplift humanity as a whole, rather than fragmenting it into different tiers of existence? It’s a daunting challenge, but one that requires our immediate and undivided attention.\par

SEGMENT 3 — PANEL DISCUSSION\par

Speaker 1: To kick things off, I’d like to suggest that the primary driver of innovation is often necessity, but in the current era, it seems to be driven more by profit. We are seeing a deluge of "innovations" that are little more than incremental changes designed to encourage consumerism.\par

Speaker 2: I have to disagree with that characterisation. While profit is certainly a motive, it’s also the engine that funds the research and development required for genuine breakthroughs. Without the incentive of a market, many of the life-saving technologies we take for granted would never have left the laboratory.\par

Speaker 3: If I could just interject here, I think both of you are touching on important points, but perhaps overlooking the systemic impact. It’s not just about profit or necessity; it’s about the loss of agency. When we allow black-box algorithms to make decisions for us—whether in recruitment, credit scoring, or even judicial sentencing—we are sacrificing transparency for the sake of perceived efficiency.\par

Speaker 1: Exactly! That’s my point. We are trading our autonomy for a veneer of sophistication. We’re becoming passive recipients of technological decisions rather than active participants.\par

Speaker 2: But isn't that a bit hyperbolic? We still have the ability to opt-out, or to critique these systems. The technology is a tool, and like any tool, its impact depends on the hand that wields it. We shouldn't blame the hammer for the house being poorly built.\par

Speaker 3: That’s a convenient analogy, but a hammer doesn't have the capacity to learn, adapt, or manipulate its user. We are dealing with autonomous systems that can influence human behaviour on a mass scale. The "tool" is starting to shape the "user."\par

Speaker 1: And that's precisely the danger. If the tool shapes the user, then the user is no longer in control. We're seeing a feedback loop where technology dictates our social norms, our political landscapes, and even our psychological well-being.\par

Speaker 2: I still maintain that the net benefit is positive. Look at the global connectivity, the democratisation of information, and the leaps in medical science. To suggest we should stifle innovation due to these risks seems, to me, rather short-sighted.\par

Speaker 3: It's not about stifling innovation, but about directing it. We need a robust, international framework for ethical innovation. We need to move from a "move fast and break things" mentality to one of "move thoughtfully and build sustainably."\par

Speaker 1: A noble goal, but given the current state of global politics, I find that somewhat idealistic.\par
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 7: Use of English}{
\section*{Part 1 — Word formation}

Instructions: Read the text below. Use the word in CAPITALS at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line.\par

The rapid pace of technological \_ 1 has changed how we live. While some see these advancements as purely \_ 2, others worry about the ethical implications of artificial intelligence. For instance, the \_ 3 of automation in manufacturing has led to significant job displacement. However, many experts argue that these changes are \_ 4 to the long-term growth of the global economy.\par

The \_ 5 of data privacy is another major concern; as we become more connected, our personal information becomes increasingly \_ 6 to hackers. To mitigate these risks, engineers are working on more \_ 7 security protocols. Ultimately, the goal is to ensure that innovation remains \_ 8 to human interests.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item INNOVATE
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item BENEFIT
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item AUTOMATE
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item INEVITABLE
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item VULNERABLE
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item EXPOSE
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item REVOLUTION
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item SERVE
\end{itemize}

\section*{Part 2 — Key word transformations}

Instructions: Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and five words, including the word given.\par
1. I’m sure that the engineer forgot to update the software before the crash. | MUST\par
→ The engineer \_\_\_\_ the software before the crash.\par
2. It was a mistake for the company to invest so much in outdated hardware. | SHOULD\par
→ The company \_\_\_ so much in outdated hardware.\par
3. Perhaps the sudden loss of connectivity was caused by a solar flare. | COULD\par
→ The sudden loss of connectivity \_\_ by a solar flare.\par
4. I regret not buying that new smartphone when it was on sale. | WISH\par
→ I \_\_ that new smartphone when it was on sale.\par
5. It is certain that the hackers found a loophole in the encryption. | HAVE\par
→ The hackers \_\_ a loophole in the encryption.\par
6. It wasn't necessary for them to replace all the servers, but they did it anyway. | NEED\par
→ They \_\_\_\_\_ all the servers, but they did it anyway.\par

\section*{Answer key}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item innovation
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item beneficial
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item automation
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item inevitable
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item vulnerability
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item exposed
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item revolutionary
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item subservient
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item must have forgotten
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item should not have invested
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item could have been caused
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item wish I had bought
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item must have found
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item did not need to replace
\end{itemize}
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 8: Writing Workshop}{
Unit 4: Technology \& Innovation\par

\section*{Writing: The Impact of Automation}

\section*{Task (Cambridge C1 Advanced, Part 2)}

Instructions:\par
You must answer one question. Choose the option that best fits the topic of Technology \& Innovation.\par

Option 1: Essay\par
Your lecturer has asked you to write an essay discussing the impact of automation and artificial intelligence on the modern workforce. Is the rise of technology a threat to job security, or does it create more opportunities for human creativity?\par

Option 2: Report\par
You are a member of a local business association. You have been asked to write a report for the committee regarding the implementation of new digital technologies in local small businesses. The report should assess the benefits and drawbacks of these innovations and provide recommendations for the future.\par

Word count: 220–260 words.\par

\section*{Tips (Estrategias para el éxito)}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Structure: Para un essay, utiliza una estructura de cuatro párrafos: Introducción, Desarrollo 1 (punto A), Desarrollo 2 (punto B) y Conclusión. No saltes de una idea a otra sin transición.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Register: Mantén un tono formal y académico. Evita contracciones (don't, won't) y lenguaje coloquial (kids, stuff, cool). Usa un vocabulario preciso y sofisticado.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Linking: No te limites a usar and o but. Utiliza conectores de nivel C1 (Furthermore, Nevertheless, Conversely) para guiar al lector a través de tu argumento.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Hedging (Lenguaje cauteloso): En el nivel C1, no afirmes verdades absolutas. Usa el "hedging" para sonar más profesional (It is widely believed that..., This could potentially lead to...). Esto demuestra matiz.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Evaluación de ideas: No te limites a listar hechos. Debes analizar la importancia de cada punto. No digas solo "la IA es rápida"; di "la rapidez de la IA optimiza los procesos, aunque plantea dilemas éticos".
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Time management: En el examen, dedica 5 minutos a planificar (brainstorming), 35-40 minutos a escribir y 5 minutos finales a la revisión (spelling y grammar).
\end{itemize}

\section*{Useful language}

\# |\par
Expression |\par
Español |\par
Audio |\par

1 |\par
What immediately stands out is... |\par
Lo que destaca enseguida es... |\par
|\par

2 |\par
At first glance, the scene appears to... |\par
A primera vista, la escena parece... |\par
|\par

3 |\par
Whereas the first image suggests..., the second one points to... |\par
Mientras que la primera imagen sugiere..., la segunda apunta a... |\par
|\par

4 |\par
There is a striking contrast between... and... |\par
Hay un contraste marcado entre... y... |\par
|\par

5 |\par
The people seem to be dealing with... |\par
Las personas parecen estar lidiando con... |\par
|\par

6 |\par
It is highly likely that... |\par
Es muy probable que... |\par
|\par

7 |\par
One could infer that... |\par
Se podría inferir que... |\par
|\par

8 |\par
This might reflect a broader issue: ... |\par
Esto podría reflejar un problema más amplio: ... |\par
|\par

9 |\par
Although the setting is different, both images convey... |\par
Aunque el contexto es distinto, ambas imágenes transmiten... |\par
|\par

10 |\par
The overall impression is one of... |\par
La impresión general es de... |\par
|\par

11 |\par
This would be a useful example of... |\par
Esto sería un ejemplo útil de... |\par
|\par

12 |\par
I would argue that the second image feels more... |\par
Diría que la segunda imagen resulta más... |\par
|\par

\section*{Model answer (Essay)}

Topic: The impact of automation on the workforce.\par

It is often asserted that the rapid advancement of automation and artificial intelligence represents a significant threat to traditional employment. While some argue that machines will render human labour obsolete, others maintain that technology serves as a catalyst for new opportunities. This essay will examine both perspectives before reaching a reasoned conclusion.\par

On the one hand, there is a valid concern regarding job displacement. Automation allows for the execution of repetitive tasks with greater precision and lower costs than human workers. Consequently, sectors such as manufacturing and logistics are experiencing a shift where manual roles are being phased out. If this trend continues unabated, it could lead to significant socio-economic instability for those unable to transition to new roles.\par

On the other hand, it is widely acknowledged that technological innovation historically creates more jobs than it destroys. While certain roles become redundant, new industries emerge, requiring specialised skills in software development, data analysis, and AI management. Furthermore, by automating mundane tasks, technology allows humans to focus on higher-level activities involving creativity, empathy, and complex problem-solving—areas where machines still struggle to compete.\par

In conclusion, while the transition towards an automated workforce presents undeniable challenges, it should not be viewed solely as a threat. Although certain sectors will inevitably face disruption, the potential for economic growth and the creation of more meaningful work is substantial. Ultimately, the impact will depend on how effectively societies can implement retraining programmes to prepare the workforce for a digital future.\par

\section*{Marking checklist}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Content: ¿Has respondido a todas las partes de la pregunta? ¿El lector queda totalmente informado sobre tu postura?
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Communicative Achievement: ¿Has mantenido el tono formal adecuado para un ensayo académico? ¿Has usado el lenguaje para expresar ideas complejas de forma clara?
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Organisation: ¿El texto fluye de manera lógica mediante el uso de párrafos y conectores? ¿Hay una progresión clara desde la introducción hasta la conclusión?
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Language: ¿Has utilizado un vocabulario variado y avanzado (C1)? ¿Has demostrado control sobre estructuras gramaticales complejas (pasivas, condicionales, inversiones) sin errores que dificulten la lectura?
\end{itemize}

\section*{Vocabulario para Writing \& Speaking}

Expression |\par
Español |\par
Useful C1 example |\par

technological breakthrough |\par
avance tecnológico |\par
This breakthrough could change healthcare. |\par

to streamline a process |\par
agilizar un proceso |\par
Automation can streamline routine processes. |\par

data privacy |\par
privacidad de datos |\par
Data privacy is a growing concern. |\par

cutting-edge technology |\par
tecnología puntera |\par
Cutting-edge technology is expensive at first. |\par

to become obsolete |\par
quedarse obsoleto |\par
Some skills become obsolete very quickly. |\par

digital literacy |\par
alfabetización digital |\par
Digital literacy is essential for modern workers. |\par

ethical implications |\par
implicaciones éticas |\par
AI has serious ethical implications. |\par

to embrace innovation |\par
adoptar la innovación |\par
Companies must embrace innovation carefully. |\par
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 9: Speaking Lab}{
\section*{Speaking — describe \& compare}

Compara estas dos imágenes. En tu respuesta, debes describir las diferencias en los entornos de trabajo y especular sobre cómo la tecnología ha cambiado nuestra forma de producir contenido. Debes hablar durante aproximadamente 2 minutos.\par

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.82\linewidth]{\detokenize{/Users/c/c1-run/public/generated/images/unit-04-speaking-speaking.png}}\\[1mm]
{\small speaking}
\end{center}

\subsection*{Useful phrases}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item While the first image depicts a traditional setting, the second one showcases... — Mientras que la primera imagen representa un entorno tradicional, la segunda muestra...  - In stark contrast to the vintage atmosphere on the left... — En marcado contraste con la atmósfera vintage de la izquierda...  - It is highly probable that the user in the first photo... — Es muy probable que el usuario de la primera foto...  - One could argue that the transition to digital has... — Se podría argumentar que la transición a lo digital ha...  - The second image gives off a much more futuristic vibe... — La segunda imagen transmite una sensación mucho más futurista...  - Judging by the lighting, it seems as though... — A juzgar por la iluminación, parece como si...  - There is a noticeable shift from tactile to digital tools... — Hay un cambio notable de herramientas táctiles a digitales...  - The minimalist design suggests a sense of... — El diseño minimalista sugiere una sensación de...  - It's hard to tell exactly, but it might be... — Es difícil saberlo con exactitud, pero podría ser...  - Both scenes represent different eras of innovation... — Ambas escenas representan diferentes eras de innovación...  - The juxtaposition of these two environments highlights... — La yuxtaposición de estos dos entornos resalta...  - If we look closely at the details, we can infer that... — Si miramos de cerca los detalles, podemos inferir que...  \#\#\# Pronunciación
\end{itemize}

Para sonar más natural en el C1, practica la asimilación (cuando un sonido cambia para adaptarse al siguiente, como 'good boy' sonando como /ɡʊb bɔɪ/) y la elisión (la omisión de sonidos, como la 't' en 'next door'). En el examen, esto ayuda a que tu discurso fluya sin pausas artificiales.\par

\subsection*{Model answer}

Both images present contrasting visions of productivity, illustrating the evolution of work environments over the decades. In the first image, we see a nostalgic, tactile workspace featuring a vintage typewriter and physical books. It evokes a sense of slow, deliberate craftsmanship. In stark contrast, the second image depicts a cutting-edge, minimalist workstation equipped with advanced digital tools and a sleek interface. While the first setting feels warm and grounded, the second one gives off a much more futuristic and efficient vibe.\par

Judging by the visual cues, it is highly probable that the first person values tradition and the physical connection to their work. On the other hand, the second environment suggests a high-speed, data-driven lifestyle where efficiency is paramount. One could argue that while technology has streamlined our processes, we have lost the tactile satisfaction seen in the first photo. It is interesting to consider how the shift from paper to pixels has fundamentally altered our cognitive habits. Ultimately, both scenes represent different stages of human innovation, moving from mechanical precision to digital ubiquity. The transition highlights how our tools have evolved from being physical objects to becoming seamless, almost invisible, digital interfaces.\par
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 10: Mediation Task}{
\section*{Mediation}

Basándote en la información del folleto, escribe un correo electrónico a tus compañeros de piso proponiendo la compra de estos termostatos. Debes convencerlos de que es una buena idea utilizando un registro informal pero persuasivo, centrándote en los beneficios prácticos y económicos.\par

\subsection*{Texto original (español)}

La nueva serie de termostatos inteligentes 'EcoSmart' ya está disponible. Gracias a su inteligencia artificial avanzada, estos dispositivos aprenden tus rutinas diarias para optimizar el consumo de energía sin que tengas que intervenir. El sistema se controla totalmente desde el móvil y permite gestionar la temperatura de cada habitación de forma independiente. Aunque la inversión inicial es ligeramente superior a los modelos tradicionales, el ahorro mensual en las facturas de electricidad compensará el gasto en menos de un año. Además, su diseño minimalista encaja en cualquier hogar moderno. ¡Haz tu hogar más eficiente hoy mismo!\par

\subsection*{Imagen de apoyo}

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.82\linewidth]{\detokenize{/Users/c/c1-run/public/generated/images/unit-04-mediation-mediation.png}}\\[1mm]
{\small mediation}
\end{center}

\subsection*{Estrategias clave}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Identificar los puntos clave del texto original (ahorro, control, diseño).
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Adaptar el tono de un anuncio comercial a un mensaje informal para amigos.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Sintetizar la información técnica para que sea fácil de entender.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Utilizar conectores de contraste para resaltar la relación coste-beneficio.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Transformar datos objetivos en argumentos persuasivos para la audiencia.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Evitar la repetición literal del texto fuente para demostrar léxico C1.
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Audiencia de destino}

your flatmates\par

\subsection*{Respuesta modelo (English)}

Hi everyone,\par

I was just looking into ways to make our flat a bit more efficient, and I stumbled upon these new 'EcoSmart' smart thermostats. I think they could be a game-changer for us.\par

Basically, they use AI to learn our daily routines, which means they'll automatically adjust the heating or cooling to save energy. We can control everything individually from our phones, so no more arguments about the temperature in the living room versus the bedrooms!\par

I know the upfront cost is a bit higher than a standard thermostat, but the brochure mentions that the energy savings will actually pay for the devices in less than a year. Given how much we spend on electricity every month, it seems like a smart investment. Plus, they look really sleek and modern, so they won't ruin the aesthetic of our living room.\par

What do you all think? If you're on board, I can look into ordering a starter set this weekend.\par

Best,\par

[Your Name]\par
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 11: Podcast Guide}{
\section*{Podcast Guide — Technology \& Innovation}

Escuchar podcasts auténticos es fundamental en el nivel C1 para acostumbrarse a la velocidad natural, los diversos acentos y las estructuras complejas que no aparecen en los libros de texto. En esta unidad, utilizaremos audios de alta calidad para desafiar tu comprensión auditiva y ampliar tu vocabulario técnico y abstracto sobre la innovación.\par

\subsection*{Recommended podcasts (3 total)}

\#\#\#\# 1. BBC: In Our Time\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Level \& accent: British (Received Pronunciation/Academic), C1 appropriate: Yes.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Recommended episode: "The History of the Computer" or "The Internet".
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Why it's useful for C1: Este podcast utiliza un lenguaje académico extremadamente rico y debates intelectuales de alto nivel. Es ideal para aprender a seguir argumentos complejos y terminología histórica sobre la tecnología.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item 5 key phrases to listen for:
\end{itemize}
To lay the groundwork for... (Sentar las bases de...)\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item A paradigm shift (Un cambio de paradigma)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item To be at the forefront of... (Estar a la vanguardia de...)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item To render something obsolete (Dejar algo obsoleto)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The implications of... (Las implicaciones de...)
\end{itemize}

\#\#\#\# 2. TED Radio Hour (NPR)\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Level \& accent: American / Mixed, C1 appropriate: Yes.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Recommended episode: "The Future of AI" or "How Technology Changes Us".
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Why it's useful for C1: Presenta narrativas envolventes con una gran variedad de acentos y ritmos. Te ayudará a entender cómo se estructuran las ideas de forma persuasiva en inglés americano.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item 5 key phrases to listen for:
\end{itemize}
To spark a debate (Desencadenar un debate)\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item To bridge the gap (Cerrar la brecha / acortar la distancia)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item A double-edged sword (Un arma de doble filo)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item To harness the power of... (Aprovechar el poder de...)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item To pose a threat to... (Representar una amenaza para...)
\end{itemize}

\#\#\#\# 3. The Inquiry (BBC World Service)\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Level \& accent: British / International, C1 appropriate: Yes.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Recommended episode: "The ethics of automation" or "Digital privacy in the 21st century".
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Why it's useful for C1: Se centra en preguntas específicas y análisis profundos mediante entrevistas cortas pero intensas. Es perfecto para practicar la escucha de opiniones expertas y matices críticos.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item 5 key phrases to listen for:
\end{itemize}
To weigh the pros and cons (Sopesar los pros y los contras)\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item To be fraught with difficulty (Estar plagado de dificultades)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item To have far-reaching consequences (Tener consecuencias de gran alcance)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item An inevitable progression (Una progresión inevitable)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item To intersect with... (Cruzarse con / interactuar con...)
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Active listening strategies (C1)}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Escucha de propósito (Purposeful Listening): Antes de darle al play, lee el título y el tema. Predice qué vocabulario técnico podrías escuchar para preparar tu cerebro para el contexto.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Identificación de marcadores discursivos: No intentes entender cada palabra. Céntrate en los conectores (however, nevertheless, consequently) para seguir la estructura lógica del argumento.
\end{itemize}
ly Toma de notas sintética: No escribas frases completas. Utiliza símbolos, abreviaturas y palabras clave para capturar la esencia de la idea sin perder el hilo de la conversación.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Detección de la actitud del hablante: En C1, el significado está en el tono. Presta atención a la entonación para identificar si el interlocutor es escéptico, entusiasta o cauteloso respecto a la tecnología.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item La técnica de la "re-escucha focalizada": Si pierdes un segmento, no te detengas inmediatamente. Sigue escuchando para mantener el flujo y, solo cuando termine el bloque de ideas, vuelve atrás para verificar lo que te perdiste.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Transcripción selectiva: Si escuchas una frase muy compleja o un modismo que te resulta nuevo, pausa el audio y trata de escribirla exactamente como suena. Esto entrena tu oído para el connected speech.
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Follow-up task}

Task: The Analytical Summary\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Vocabulary Extraction: While listening, write down at least 5 new expressions or collocations. Look up their meaning and write one original sentence for each related to modern technology.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The "Gist" Note-taking: After the episode, write a 50-word summary of the main argument. Focus on what was said rather than how it was said.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Critical Response (Speaking): Record a 2-minute voice note on your phone. In this recording, you must:
\end{itemize}
State your opinion on the topic discussed.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Use at least 3 of the new phrases you learned during the podcast.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Use advanced connectors (e.g., consequently, notwithstanding, albeit).
\end{itemize}
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 12: Media Guide}{
\section*{Cine \& Series — Technology \& Innovation}

Utilizar producciones audiovisuales de alta calidad es fundamental para familiarizarse con el ritmo natural del lenguaje y el léxico especializado. En este nivel, el objetivo es pasar de la comprensión pasiva a la capacidad de analizar matices, registros y estructuras gramaticales complejas en contextos reales.\par

\subsection*{Recommended title}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Title: Black Mirror, 2011–present, Netflix
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Accent/dialect: Primarily British (RP, Estuary, various regional UK accents), with some American episodes.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Why it's perfect for C1: The series explores the ethical implications of technology through sophisticated dialogue. It uses a wide range of registers, from highly technical/formal to raw, colloquial speech, making it ideal for mastering nuance.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Episodes to start with: Season 1, Episode 1: "The National Anthem" or Season 3, Episode 1: "Nosedive".
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Language focus}

-\par
"It's a cautionary tale about how easily we can be manipulated by our own devices."\par

Vocabulary note: Cautionary tale /ˈkɔːʃənəri teɪl/ (relato moralizante/de advertencia).\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Grammar spotlight: We can use the modal perfect to reflect on the characters' choices: "The characters should have realised the consequences of their actions sooner."
\end{itemize}

-\par
"The algorithm has essentially bypassed our capacity for independent thought."\par

Vocabulary note: Bypass /ˈbaɪpɑːs/ (evadir/saltarse).\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Grammar spotlight: Using deduction: "The developers must have intended to create something helpful, but it went wrong."
\end{itemize}

-\par
"You can't just wipe the slate clean every time a piece of tech fails you."\par

Vocabulary note: To wipe the slate clean /waɪp ðə sleɪt kliːn/ (empezar de cero/borrón y cuenta nueva).\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Grammar spotlight: Expressing regret or missed opportunities: "If they had implemented better security, the data couldn't have been leaked so easily."
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Viewing task (active watching)}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Vocabulary Log: Note down at least 10 new words or idiomatic expressions per episode. Focus on words related to ethics, psychology, and technology.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Register Analysis: Identify moments where characters switch from formal professional language to informal slang. Note how the tone changes the meaning of the conversation.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Modal Perfect Hunt: Listen specifically for characters expressing regret or making deductions about the past. Write down three sentences you hear (or infer) using must have, should have, or could have.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Oral Summary: After the episode, record yourself on your phone giving a 2-3 sentence summary of the plot and one moral conclusion. This bridges the gap between listening and active speaking.
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Similar titles}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Devs (Hulu/Disney+): A high-concept sci-fi series with dense, philosophical dialogue perfect for advanced learners.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Ex Machina (Film): A masterpiece of subtle dialogue and tension, ideal for practicing sophisticated vocabulary regarding AI and ethics.
\end{itemize}
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 13: Everyday Scene}{
\section*{The Hybrid Workspace}

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.82\linewidth]{\detokenize{/Users/c/c1-run/public/generated/images/unit-04-everyday_scene-everyday_scene.png}}\\[1mm]
{\small everyday\_scene}
\end{center}

En esta escena observamos la integración de la tecnología avanzada en el entorno doméstico, un reflejo de la revolución del teletrabajo. La imagen permite discutir cómo las herramientas digitales han transformado nuestra productividad y la frontera entre la vida laboral y personal.\par

\subsection*{Preguntas para hablar (Speaking practice)}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Describe the scene: What is the person in the photo doing and what kind of environment is she in?
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Speculate: Do you think this person is working remotely or studying? What clues lead you to this conclusion?
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Compare: How does this modern workspace differ from the way people used to work twenty years ago?
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Personal connection: Do you prefer working in a dedicated office space or a more flexible environment like the one shown?
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Discussion: To what extent has technology made our professional lives more efficient, and what are the potential drawbacks?
\end{itemize}
}
\lessonbox{Lesson 14: Unit Review \& Progress Test}{
\section*{Unit review — Technology \& Innovation}

Al finalizar esta unidad, deberías ser capaz de discutir temas complejos relacionados con el impacto de la tecnología en la sociedad, utilizando un vocabulario avanzado y preciso. Habrás desarrollado la capacidad de expresar especulaciones sobre el pasado y críticas constructivas sobre decisiones tecnológicas utilizando las estructuras de los verbos modales perfectos.\par

Asimismo, habrás perfeccionado tu habilidad para utilizar colocaciones de nivel C1 y procesos de formación de palabras para hablar de innovación, inteligencia artificial y ética digital. Este examen de progreso busca consolidar estas competencias para asegurar que estás preparado para el nivel de exigencia del examen Cambridge C1 Advanced.\par

\section*{Grammar consolidation}

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given.\par

-\par
I'm sure that he didn't forget to save the file; he's too professional. (MUST)\par
He \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the file.\par

-\par
It was a mistake for the company to invest so much in outdated software. (SHOULD)\par
The company \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ so much in outdated software.\par

-\par
Perhaps they didn't realise the security breach was so serious. (COULD)\par
They \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the seriousness of the security breach.\par

-\par
I am certain that the developers didn't intend to cause this glitch. (CAN'T)\par
The developers \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ this glitch.\par

-\par
It was a bad idea to ignore the warnings about the server overheating. (OUGHT)\par
The engineers \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the warnings about the server overheating.\par

-\par
Identify the error in the following sentence and rewrite it correctly:\par
"She must has been working late to fix the coding error."\par

-\par
Rewrite the sentence using a modal perfect to express regret:\par
"I regret not upgrading my hardware when I had the chance."\par

-\par
Rewrite the sentence using a modal perfect to express a logical deduction about the past:\par
"I am certain that the hackers used a sophisticated algorithm."\par

-\par
Rewrite the sentence using a modal perfect to express a possibility in the past:\par
"It is possible that the prototype failed due to poor materials."\par

-\par
Rewrite the sentence to show that something was not necessary, but was done anyway:\par
"They didn't need to buy the expensive subscription, but they did it."\par

\section*{Vocabulary activation}

A. Collocations: Complete the sentences with the correct verb (breakthrough, cutting-edge, state-of-the-art, obsolete, groundbreaking).\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The laboratory has developed a \_\_\_\_ new method for carbon capture.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Most smartphones become \_\_\_\_ within just a few years due to rapid innovation.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Scientists have made a major \_\_\_\_ in quantum computing this year.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The hospital is equipped with \_\_\_\_ technology to ensure patient safety.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item We need to stay ahead of the curve by adopting \_\_\_\_ technology.
\end{itemize}

B. Word Formation: Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word in brackets.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The rapid \_\_\_\_ of AI has caused significant debate regarding job security. (DEVELOP)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item There is growing \_\_\_\_ about the privacy implications of facial recognition. (CONCERN)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The new software update was criticized for its lack of \_\_\_\_. (USER)
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Many people find the constant stream of notifications highly \_\_\_\_. (DISTRACT)
\end{itemize}

C. Register Choice: Choose the most appropriate C1-level word to replace the underlined informal phrase.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The company decided to get rid of (\_\_\_\_) its old data servers.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The new interface is very easy to use (\_\_\_\_) for most users.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item The sudden jump in (\_\_\_\_) in processing power changed everything.
\end{itemize}

\section*{Integrated skills task}

Reading Text\par

The rapid integration of Artificial Intelligence into our daily lives has sparked a global debate. While proponents argue that AI will lead to unprecedented levels of efficiency and solve complex problems—from climate change to medical diagnoses—critics raise significant ethical concerns. The primary fear is the potential for job displacement as automation becomes more sophisticated. Furthermore, the "black box" nature of some algorithms means that even their creators cannot fully explain how certain decisions are reached, leading to issues of accountability.\par

As we stand on the brink of a technological revolution, the challenge lies in balancing innovation with regulation. We must ensure that technological progress does not come at the cost of human agency or social equity. The goal should be "human-centric" innovation, where technology serves to augment human capability rather than replace it. Navigating this transition will require international cooperation and robust ethical frameworks to prevent the misuse of these powerful tools.\par

Writing Task\par

Instrucciones:\par
Basándote en el texto anterior, escribe un ensayo (essay) de entre 180 y 220 palabras. En tu respuesta, debes:\par
1. Discutir los beneficios y los riesgos mencionados en el texto.\par
2. Expresar tu opinión sobre si la regulación es la solución para los problemas éticos de la IA.\par
3. Utilizar un registro formal y vocabulario de nivel C1.\par

\section*{Speaking checkpoint}

Answer these prompts aloud to practice your fluency and ability to structure complex ideas.\par

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Compare: Compare the impact of the internet on communication in the 1990s versus today.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Speculate: How might the job market change in the next twenty years due to automation?
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Evaluate: Evaluate the pros and cons of social media algorithms in shaping public opinion.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Justify: Some argue that privacy is dead in the digital age. Do you agree? Justify your position.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Speculate: If we achieved a breakthrough in life-extension technology, how would society change?
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.2em]
\item Evaluate: To what extent should governments regulate the development of new technologies?
\end{itemize}

\section*{Self-assessment rubric}

Criterion |\par
Needs work (B2/Below) |\par
Solid (C1) |\par
Exam-ready (C1+/C2) |\par

Accuracy |\par
Frequent errors in grammar and spelling. |\par
Mostly accurate; errors are rare and don't impede meaning. |\par
High level of precision; complex structures used correctly. |\par

Range |\par
Uses basic vocabulary and simple sentence structures. |\par
Uses a variety of advanced vocabulary and complex grammar. |\par
Sophisticated use of idiomatic language and varied structures. |\par

Fluency |\par
Frequent hesitations and pauses. |\par
Smooth speech with occasional hesitation when searching for words. |\par
Natural flow; able to maintain a complex argument effortlessly. |\par

Task Achievement |\par
Does not fully address the prompt or answer the question. |\par
Addresses all parts of the task clearly. |\par
Provides a nuanced, well-developed, and insightful response. |\par

\section*{Answer key}

Grammar consolidation\par
1. must not have forgotten\par
2. should not have invested\par
3. could have realised\par
4. can't have intended\par
5. ought to have listened to / ought to have heeded\par
6. She must have been working...\par
7. I should have upgraded my hardware when I had the chance.\par
8. The developers must have used a sophisticated algorithm.\par
9. The failure could have been caused by poor materials.\par
10. They needn't have bought the expensive subscription.\par

Vocabulary activation\par
1. groundbreaking\par
2. obsolete\par
3. breakthrough\par
4. state-of-the-art\par
5. cutting-edge\par
6. development\par
7. concern\par
8. usability\par
9. distracting\par
10. phase out / decommission / eliminate\par
11. intuitive\par
12. surge / leap / spike\par
}
\end{document}
